Geography for UPSC IAS Civil Services Exam
The Solar System & Geologic Time Scale
- The Universe, Big Bang Theory and The Evolution of The Universe
- Gravitational Waves, Doppler-Shift, Cosmic Microwave Background
- Star Formation (Stellar Evolution or Life Cycle of A Star)
- Galaxies: Spiral Galaxies & Elliptical Galaxies, Our Galaxy (The Milky Way)
- The Formation of the Solar System: Nuclear Disc Model (Neo-Laplacian model)
- Components of the Solar System, Planets and Their Major Moons
- The Sun’s Internal Structure and Atmosphere, Solar Wind
- Planets of the Solar System: Inner Planets and Outer Planets
- Asteroids, Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, Comets, Meteoroid, Meteor and Meteorite
- What’s the Closest Star to the Sun? Proxima Centauri or Alpha Centauri?
- Heliopause ― The boundary of The Solar System?
- Distant Artificial Objects Exploring the Solar System
Geomorphology
- Fluvial Depositional Landforms | Types of Deltas
- Glacial Landforms: Erosional and Depositional
- Marine Landforms and Cycle of Erosion | Coastlines
- Arid Landforms: Wind Eroded & Water Eroded
- Karst Landforms & Cycle of Erosion | Stalactite & Stalagmite
- Lake | Classification of Lakes (types of lakes)
- Important Lakes on Earth & Facts About Lakes
- Plateau Formation & Types of Plateaus | Major Plateaus of The World
- Direct & Indirect Sources for Understanding the Earth’s Interior
- Seismic waves, Shadow Zone of P-waves and S-waves
- Earth’s Layers: Crust, Mantle & Core, Seismic Discontinuities
- Earth’s Magnetic Field, Dynamo theory, Magnetosphere
- Geomagnetic Reversal, Magnetic Declination & Inclination (Dip)
- Endogenic Geomorphic Movements: Epeirogenic & Orogenic
- Exogenic Geomorphic Movements: Denudation & Weathering
- Continental Drift Theory: Evidences and Drawbacks, Tectonics
- Paleomagnetism, See Floor Spreading, Convectional Currents
- Plate Tectonics vs. Continental Drift and See Floor Spreading
- Tectonic Plates & their interactions, Indian Plate Movement
- Ocean-Ocean Convergence and Volcanic Island Arc Formation
- Continent-Ocean Convergence, Formation of Fold Mountains
- Continent-Continent Convergence, Formation of the Himalayas
- Divergent Boundary, The Great Rift Valley (African Rift Valley)
- Classification of Mountains on the basis of Location, Origin
- Fold & Fault in Geology, Fold Mountains and Block Mountains
- Major Mountain Ranges of the World, Highest Mountain Peaks
- Volcanism: Andesitic & Basaltic Lava, Distribution of Volcanoes
- Volcanic Landforms: Extrusive & Intrusive Volcanic Landforms
- Volcanism: Explosive, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Plinian, Pelean
- Hotspot Volcanism, Mantle plumes, Flood Basalt, Supervolcanoe
- Rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary & Metamorphic Rocks, Rock cycle
- Earthquakes: Causes & Distribution, Shallow & Deep Quakes
- Richter Magnitude Scale & Earthquakes of Varying Strengths
- Tsunami: Mechanism & Properties, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
- Soil Erosion: Wind and Water Erosion, Rill and Gully erosion
- Fluvial Erosional Landforms: Meander, Oxbow Lake, Peneplain
- Drainage Patterns: Concordant, Discordant, Dendritic, Trellis
Climatology
- Latitudes & Longitudes | Standard Time
- Motions of the earth: Rotation and Revolution
- Atmosphere: Role, Structure & Composition
- Temperature Distribution on Earth & Heat Budget
- Adiabatic Lapse Rate | Latent Heat of Condensation
- Atmospheric Pressure Belts and Wind Systems
- Factors Affecting Wind movement | Coriolis Force
- Types of Winds: Permanent, Secondary & Local Winds
- Temperature Inversion: Types & Effects on Weather
- Geostrophic Wind, Jet Streams & Rossby Waves
- Major Jet Steams: Subtropical Jet Stream & Polar Jet Stream
- Air Mass | Air masses based on Source Regions
- Fronts | Types of Fronts: Stationary Front, Warm Front, Cold Front & Occluded Front
- Humidity: Relative Humidity & Dew point
- Condensation | Forms of Condensation: Dew, Fog, Frost, Mist | Types of Clouds
- Smog: Photochemical smog & Sulfurous smog
- Precipitation: Types of Precipitation | Types of Rainfall
- Thunderstorm | Thunder & Lightning | Tornado
- Tropical Cyclones: Favorable Conditions for Formation, Stages of Formation & Structure
- Storm Surge | Naming of Cyclones | Cyclones in Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal
- Temperate Cyclones (Mid Latitude Cyclone or Extra tropical cyclones or Frontal Cyclones)
- Comparison of Tropical Cyclones & Temperate Cyclones
- El Nino | ENSO | La Nina | El Nino Modoki | Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
- Polar Vortex & Ozone Hole (Ozone Depletion)
- Rainforest Climate (Tropical Evergreen Climate)
- Monsoon Climate | Monsoon Forests
- Savanna Climate (Tropical Wet Dry Climate)
- Desert Climate | Hot Deserts & Mid-Latitude Deserts
- Steppe Climate (Temperate Grassland Climate)
- Mediterranean Climate (Western Margin Climate)
- China Type Climate, Gulf Type Climate & Natal Type Climate
- British Type Climate (European Maritime Climate)
- Taiga Climate | Coniferous Forests & Lumbering
- Laurentian Climate | Fishing off Newfoundland & Japan
- Tundra Climate (Polar Climate or Arctic Climate)
Oceanography
- Major and Minor Ocean Relief Features
- Marginal seas of the world | Bay, Gulf, Strait, Isthmus
- Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean & Indian Ocean
- Ocean currents: Forces Responsible For Ocean Currents | Desert Formation and Ocean Currents
- Pacific Ocean Currents | Phytoplankton and Fishing
- Atlantic Ocean Currents | Sargasso Sea
- Indian Ocean Currents | Effect of Monsoons on North Indian Ocean Currents
- Vertical & Horizontal Temperature Distribution of Oceans
- Ocean Salinity: Vertical & Horizontal Distribution of Ocean Salinity
- Tides: Spring Tide & Neap Tide| Tidal Bulge | Tidal Bore
- Coral Reef: Fringing Reef, Barrier Reef & Atoll
- Coral Reef Bleaching and Ideal Conditions for Coral Growth
Indian Geography
- India: Geographical Extent & Frontiers
- Indian Rock System: Archaean, Purana, Dravidian & Aryan Rock System
- Himalayan Ranges: Shiwaliks, Middle Himalayas, Greater Himalayas, Trans-Himalayas & Purvanchal
- Regional Divisions of Indian Himalayas
- Himalayas: Glaciers, Valleys & Snowline
- Major Mountain Passes in India & Himalayas
- Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plain | Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar, Khadar
- Divisions of Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plains
- Peninsular Plateau (Deccan Plateau) | Plateaus in the Peninsular Region
- Hills of Peninsular India: Aravalis, Vindhyas, Satpuras, Western & Eastern Ghats
- Coastline of India | Coastal Plains of India
- Indian Islands: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands & New Moore Island
- Drainage patterns: Discordant drainage patterns & Concordant Drainage Patterns
- Classification of Drainage Systems of India
- Indus River System: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas & Satluj
- Ganga-Brahmaputra River System: Major Tributaries of The Ganga & Brahmaputra
- Peninsular River System vs. Himalayan River System
- East Flowing Peninsular Rivers: Godavari, Krishna & Mahanadi
- East Flowing Peninsular Rivers: Cauvery, Pennar, Subarnarekha, Ponnaiyar & Vaigai
- West Flowing Peninsular Rivers: Narmada, Tapti, Sabarmati, Mahi, Luni & Ghaggar
- Mechanism of Indian Monsoons
- Indian Monsoon Mechanism: Jet Stream Theory
- Indian Monsoons: Role of Tropical Easterly Jet, Tibet, Somali Jet & Indian Ocean Dipole
- Indian Monsoons: South West Monsoons & North East Monsoons
- Western Disturbances | Cloudburst
- Indian Climate | Factors Affecting Indian Climate
- Indian Climate: Summer & Winter Seasons
- Indian Climate: South West Monsoon Season
- Indian Climate: Retreating Monsoon Season (North East Monsoons)
- Stamp’s & Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India
- Natural Vegetation of India: Moist Tropical, Dry Tropical, Montane Sub-tropical, Montane Temperate & Alpine Forests
- Soil Types: Sandy, Clayey & Loamy | Soil Profile (Soil Horizon)
- Factors that influence soil formation in Indian Conditions
- Major Soil Types of India: Alluvial Soils & Black Soils
- Major Soil Types of India: Red Soils, Lateritic Soils & Alkaline Soils
Economic Geography
- Iron Ore Distribution across the World
- Iron Ore Distribution in India | Types of Iron Ore
- Coal | Types of Coal: Peat, Lignite, Bituminous Coal & Anthracite Coal
- Distribution of Coal in India: Gondwana Coalfields & Tertiary Coalfields
- Distribution of Coal across the World
- Distribution of Petroleum and Mineral Oil in India
- World distribution of Petroleum and Mineral Oil
- Natural Gas Distribution: India & World
- Unconventional Gas Resources: Shale Gas & Coalbed Methane
- Manganese Ore Distribution across India & World
- Gold & Silver Distribution across India & World
- Copper, Nickel & Chromite Distribution across India & World
- Bauxite, Lead & Zinc, Tungsten & Pyrites Distribution across India and World
- Nuclear Fission, Components of Nuclear Reactor, Types of Nuclear Reactors
- Uranium & Thorium Distribution across India & World
- India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme
- Diamond & Graphite Distribution across India & World
- Mica, Limestone & other Non-Metallic Minerals in India
Geography Current Affairs and Contemporary Issues
- Heatwave and Urban Heat Island – Causes and Effects
- Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)
- Russia – Ukraine Crisis
Location Based Topics
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Last updated on June 14, 2025 3:04 PM
Well
sir i will purchase your notes but i confused how to purchase? you gave me hard / soft copy .
Good
Sir when is Indian geography book publishing
Do you provide different set of notes for geography for prelims and mains??? How to download them free from website??? Want the link
How can I download all of this in pdf format?
Great Knowledge sharing
I had gone through pdf of geography that is available online. but i am in delima that, is there any difference between material available online and BOOK on amazon. second if free access of material is there , then what is different if one do subscription.
How to download this notes
I have bought PMF IAS physical Geography book from Flifkart. This book is not a complete for whole syllabus as you published in 2019 ( elaborated one). Plz update so we can purchage a complete Geography book (for Indian Geo, Oceanography, etc.)
Im in confusion does this sybs complete whole syllabus and again economic geography we have to purchase outside???
Sir mujhe Hindi me content nahi mil raha hai….Hindi ka option aa hi nahi raha hai
Sir please please please publish your book on Indian geography and economic geography.
We require it as soon as possible .
Please publish it fast. Your books had been a great help.
Hello Sir,
Could you please let me know if there is any plan by you to release Economic Geography in upcoming period?
Sir when can we expect Indian Geography