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Notes for UPSC IAS Civil Services Exam

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Notes for UPSC IAS Civil Services Exam

  • Geography Notes PDF for UPSC IAS Civil Services Exam
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Geography PDF Sample files:

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Geography General Studies

Geomorphology

  • Geography Notes PDF for UPSC IAS Civil Services Exam
  • Earth’s Interior | Types of Earthquake (Seismic) Waves
  • Earth’s Layers: Crust, Mantle & Core
  • Earth Movements: Endogenetic Earth Movements
  • Earth Movements: Exogenetic Earth Movements | Weathering
  • Continental Drift Theory | Evidence in Support of Continental Drift
  • Tectonics: See Floor Spreading & Paleomagnetism
  • Theory of Plate Tectonics | Indian Plate Movement
  • Ocean – Ocean Convergence | Island Arc Formation
  • Continent – Ocean Convergence | Formation of Fold Mountains
  • Continent – Continent Convergence | Formation of Himalayas
  • Types of Mountains | Classification of Mountains
  • Fold Mountains & Block Mountains (most important types of mountains)
  • Important mountain ranges: Himalayas | Andes | Rockies | Urals | Drakensberg
  • Divergent Boundary | African Rift System (The Great Rift)
  • Volcanism | Lava types in Volcanism: Andesitic & Basaltic | Geyser & Spring
  • Volcanic Landforms: Extrusive & Intrusive
  • Volcanism Types Based on Out Flow of Lava: Exhalative, Effusive, Explosive and Subaqueous
  • Hotspot Volcanism: Hawaiian Hotspot & Reunion Hotspot
  • Earthquakes: Causes and Types of Earthquake Waves
  • Tsunami: Propagation of Tsunami Waves | 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
  • Rock Types: Igneous, Sedimentary & Metamorphic Rocks
  • Fluvial Erosional Landforms | Stages of River Valley
  • Fluvial Depositional Landforms | Types of Deltas
  • Glacial Landforms: Erosional and Depositional
  • Marine Landforms and Cycle of Erosion | Coastlines
  • Arid Landforms: Wind Eroded & Water Eroded
  • Karst Landforms & Cycle of Erosion | Stalactite & Stalagmite
  • Lake | Classification of Lakes (types of lakes)
  • Important Lakes on Earth & Facts About Lakes
  • Plateau Formation & Types of Plateaus | Major Plateaus of The World

Climatology

  • Latitudes & Longitudes | Standard Time
  • Motions of the earth: Rotation and Revolution
  • Atmosphere: Role, Structure & Composition
  • Temperature Distribution on Earth & Heat Budget
  • Adiabatic Lapse Rate | Latent Heat of Condensation
  • Atmospheric Pressure Belts and Wind Systems
  • Factors Affecting Wind movement | Coriolis Force
  • Types of Winds: Permanent, Secondary & Local Winds
  • Temperature Inversion: Types & Effects on Weather
  • Geostrophic Wind, Jet Streams & Rossby Waves
  • Major Jet Steams: Subtropical Jet Stream & Polar Jet Stream
  • Air Mass | Air masses based on Source Regions
  • Fronts | Types of Fronts: Stationary Front, Warm Front, Cold Front & Occluded Front
  • Humidity: Relative Humidity & Dew point
  • Condensation | Forms of Condensation: Dew, Fog, Frost, Mist | Types of Clouds
  • Smog: Photochemical smog & Sulfurous smog
  • Precipitation: Types of Precipitation | Types of Rainfall
  • Thunderstorm | Thunder & Lightning | Tornado
  • Tropical Cyclones: Favorable Conditions for Formation, Stages of Formation & Structure
  • Storm Surge | Naming of Cyclones | Cyclones in Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal
  • Temperate Cyclones (Mid Latitude Cyclone or Extra tropical cyclones or Frontal Cyclones)
  • Comparison of Tropical Cyclones & Temperate Cyclones
  • El Nino | ENSO | La Nina | El Nino Modoki | Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
  • Polar Vortex & Ozone Hole (Ozone Depletion)
  • Rainforest Climate (Tropical Evergreen Climate)
  • Monsoon Climate | Monsoon Forests
  • Savanna Climate (Tropical Wet Dry Climate)
  • Desert Climate | Hot Deserts & Mid-Latitude Deserts
  • Steppe Climate (Temperate Grassland Climate)
  • Mediterranean Climate (Western Margin Climate)
  • China Type Climate, Gulf Type Climate & Natal Type Climate
  • British Type Climate (European Maritime Climate)
  • Taiga Climate | Coniferous Forests & Lumbering
  • Laurentian Climate | Fishing off Newfoundland & Japan
  • Tundra Climate (Polar Climate or Arctic Climate)

Oceanography

  • Major and Minor Ocean Relief Features
  • Marginal seas of the world | Bay, Gulf, Strait, Isthmus
  • Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean & Indian Ocean
  • Ocean currents: Forces Responsible For Ocean Currents | Desert Formation and Ocean Currents
  • Pacific Ocean Currents | Phytoplankton and Fishing
  • Atlantic Ocean Currents | Sargasso Sea
  • Indian Ocean Currents | Effect of Monsoons on North Indian Ocean Currents
  • Vertical & Horizontal Temperature Distribution of Oceans
  • Ocean Salinity: Vertical & Horizontal Distribution of Ocean Salinity
  • Tides: Spring Tide & Neap Tide| Tidal Bulge | Tidal Bore
  • Coral Reef: Fringing Reef, Barrier Reef & Atoll
  • Ideal Conditions for Coral Growth & Coral Reef Bleaching

Indian Geography

  • India: Geographical Extent & Frontiers
  • Indian Rock System: Archaean, Purana, Dravidian & Aryan Rock System
  • Himalayan Ranges: Shiwaliks, Middle Himalayas, Greater Himalayas, Trans-Himalayas & Purvanchal
  • Regional Divisions of Indian Himalayas
  • Himalayas: Glaciers, Valleys & Snowline
  • Major Mountain Passes in India & Himalayas
  • Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plain | Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar, Khadar
  • Divisions of Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plains
  • Peninsular Plateau (Deccan Plateau) | Plateaus in the Peninsular Region
  • Hills of Peninsular India: Aravalis, Vindhyas, Satpuras, Western & Eastern Ghats
  • Coastline of India | Coastal Plains of India
  • Indian Islands: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands & New Moore Island
  • Drainage patterns: Discordant drainage patterns & Concordant Drainage Patterns
  • Classification of Drainage Systems of India
  • Indus River System: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas & Satluj
  • Ganga-Brahmaputra River System: Major Tributaries of The Ganga & Brahmaputra
  • Peninsular River System vs. Himalayan River System
  • East Flowing Peninsular Rivers: Godavari, Krishna & Mahanadi
  • East Flowing Peninsular Rivers: Cauvery, Pennar, Subarnarekha, Ponnaiyar & Vaigai
  • West Flowing Peninsular Rivers: Narmada, Tapti, Sabarmati, Mahi, Luni & Ghaggar
  • Mechanism of Indian Monsoons
  • Indian Monsoon Mechanism: Jet Stream Theory
  • Indian Monsoons: Role of Tropical Easterly Jet, Tibet, Somali Jet & Indian Ocean Dipole
  • Indian Monsoons: South West Monsoons & North East Monsoons
  • Western Disturbances | Cloudburst
  • Indian Climate | Factors Affecting Indian Climate
  • Indian Climate: Summer & Winter Seasons
  • Indian Climate: South West Monsoon Season
  • Indian Climate: Retreating Monsoon Season (North East Monsoons)
  • Stamp’s & Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India
  • Natural Vegetation of India: Moist Tropical, Dry Tropical, Montane Sub-tropical, Montane Temperate & Alpine Forests
  • Soil Types: Sandy, Clayey & Loamy | Soil Profile (Soil Horizon)
  • Factors that influence soil formation in Indian Conditions
  • Major Soil Types of India: Alluvial Soils & Black Soils
  • Major Soil Types of India: Red Soils, Lateritic Soils & Alkaline Soils

Economic Geography

  • Iron Ore Distribution across the World
  • Iron Ore Distribution in India | Types of Iron Ore
  • Coal | Types of Coal: Peat, Lignite, Bituminous Coal & Anthracite Coal
  • Distribution of Coal in India: Gondwana Coalfields & Tertiary Coalfields
  • Distribution of Coal across the World
  • Distribution of Petroleum and Mineral Oil in India
  • World distribution of Petroleum and Mineral Oil
  • Natural Gas Distribution: India & World
  • Unconventional Gas Resources: Shale Gas & Coalbed Methane
  • Manganese Ore Distribution across India & World
  • Gold & Silver Distribution across India & World
  • Copper, Nickel & Chromite Distribution across India & World
  • Bauxite, Lead & Zinc, Tungsten & Pyrites Distribution across India and World
  • Nuclear Fission, Components of Nuclear Reactor, Types of Nuclear Reactors
  • Uranium & Thorium Distribution across India & World
  • India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme
  • Diamond & Graphite Distribution across India & World
  • Mica, Limestone & other Non-Metallic Minerals in India

Geography Current Affairs and Contemporary Issues

  • Heatwave and Urban Heat Island – Causes and Effects
  • Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)

Environment General Studies

  • Environment Notes for UPSC IAS GS1 & GS3
  • Environment Questions Asked in Prelims & Mains (2011-15)
  • Solved Environment Prelims Questions (2011-15)
  • Environment and Ecosystem, Components of an Ecosystem
  • Ecology: Levels, Principles and Organizations
  • Ecotone: Edge Effect, Edge Species and Ecological Niche
  • Functions of Ecosystem: Ecological succession, Homeostasis
  • Energy Flow through an Ecosystem: Food Chain, Food Web
  • Energy Flow through an Ecosystem: Ecological Pyramids
  • Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycle
  • Biomes or Terrestrial Ecosystems and Aquatic Ecosystems
  • Wetland Ecosystem, Measures to Protect Wetlands, NWCP
  • Ramsar Sites in India, Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
  • Estuarine Ecosystem, Mangroves, Mangroves in India
  • Air Pollution: Air Pollutants, Classification of Air Pollutants
  • Acid Rain & Ocean Acidification (Effects of Air Pollution)
  • Controlling Air Pollution: Bharat Stage VI, National Air Quality Index
  • Water Pollution: Causes & Effects, Eutrophication, Algal Blooms
  • Water Pollution Control Measures: Bio-Toilets, Bioremediation
  • Radioactive Pollution: Ionizing & Non-Ionizing Radiation
  • Soil Pollution, Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste, Electronic Waste
  • Land Degradation, Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation
  • Biodiversity of India, Biodiversity Hotspots of India
  • Loss of Biodiversity, Biodiversity Conservation: In Situ & Ex Situ
  • Greenhouse Effect, Global Warming, Carbon Sequestration
  • Earth Summit 1992, UN Environment, Rio+20, CBD, UNFCCC
  • UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC Summit 1997), Carbon Trading
  • Paris Agreement, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)
  • UN-REDD, REDD+, Short-Lived Climate Pollutants, GCCA+
  • India’s National Action Plan On Climate Change (NAPCC)
  • Laws for Prevention & Control of Pollution, Protection of Environment
  • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Process & Procedures
  • Wild Life Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act, Forest Rights Act
  • Project Tiger, Elephant, Snow Leopard, Hangul, Rhino Vision 2020
  • Green Revolution, Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India (BGREI)
  • Sustainable Agriculture: Mixed cropping, Crop rotation, Mixed Farming
  • Organic Farming, Bio-Fertilizers and Their Use in Agriculture
  • New Agricultural Practices: Hydroponics, Aquaponics, Aeroponics
  • Genetically Modified Crops (GM Crops): Benefits & Controversies
  • IUCN Red List India | Red Data List | Red Book Part-1
  • IUCN Red List India | Red Data List | Red Book Part-2
  • IUCN Red List India | Red Data List | Red Book Part-3
  • Indian Vulture Crisis Due to Diclofenac, Vulture Safety Zones
  • Regulating Trade in Wildlife: CITES, MIKE, TRAFFIC, WCCB
  • Tiger Census Report 2018, MSTrIPES, India’s Tiger Landscapes

Environment Related Contemporary Issues and Current Affairs

  • IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere (SROCC)

General Science

Evolution of the Earth

  • Geological Time Scale: Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic & Phanerozoic
  • Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era & Cenozoic Era

Astronomy

  • The Universe, Big Bang Theory, Dark Energy, Gravitational waves
  • Star Formation (Stellar Evolution or Life Cycle Of A Star)
  • Solar System Formation: Nuclear Disc Model (neo-Laplacian model)
  • Sun’s Internal Structure and Atmosphere, Solar Wind
  • Planets of the Solar System & Other Solar System Objects

Biology

  • Cell Organelles | Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
  • Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides | Polysaccharides
  • Proteins | Amino Acids | Enzymes
  • Vitamins and Minerals – Deficiency Diseases
  • Fats | Healthy Fats and Unhealthy Fats
  • Animal Tissues – Epithelium, Connective Tissues
  • Human Digestive System | Digestive Glands
  • Respiratory System – NCERT General Science
  • Endocrine Glands and Hormones
  • Human Neural System | Human Brain
  • Muscular and Skeletal System
  • Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA | Recombinant DNA
  • Mitosis | Cell Cycle | Cell Division
  • Meiosis | Mitosis – Meiosis Comparison
  • Inheritance – Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
  • Chromosomal Theory | Human Genome Project
  • Sex Determination | Genetic Disorders
  • Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
  • Microbes In Human Welfare | Useful Microbes
  • Immunity | Human Immune System
  • AIDS | Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
  • Cancer | Causes of Cancer – NCERT
  • Drugs and Alcohol Abuse – NCERT
  • Diseases | Acute, Chronic, Communicable Diseases
  • Blood | Blood Groups | Formed Elements
  • Circulatory System | Double Circulation
  • Excretory System | Kidney | Urine Formation
  • Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth
  • Biological Classification – General Science
  • Five Kingdom Classification of Plants and Animals
  • Plant Parts and Their Functions
  • Plant Kingdom – Thallophytes (Algae) – Bryophytes – Pteridophytes
  • Plants with Seeds – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
  • Plant Tissue – Meristematic – Simple, Complex Permanent Tissue
  • Plant Nutrition – Photosynthesis | Nitrogen Cycle, Fixation
  • Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants
  • Classification of Animal Kingdom (Animalia)
  • Classification of Vertebrata (Phylum Chordata)
  • Human Reproductive System
  • Biotechnology | Genetic Engineering – Processess and Applications
  • Insectivorous Plants of India: Drosera, Pitcher Plant, Utricularia

Energy Sources

  • Renewable & Non-Conventional Sources Of Energy
  • Non-Renewable Sources Of Energy

Science and Technology

Applications of Science & Technology

Agriculture

  • Precision Farming, Geoinformatics for Precision Farming

Electric Mobility

  • Lithium-ion battery, Internal Combustion Engine vs. Electric Vehicles

Space

  • Kepler’s laws, Satellite Orbits, Launch Vehicles PSLV & GSLV

Indigenous defence technology

  • Ballistic Missile vs. Cruise Missile, India’s Missile Systems, IGMDP
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