Geography General Studies
Geomorphology
- Earth’s Interior – Earthquake Waves – Shadow Zone
- Earth’s Layers – Earth’s Composition
- Earth Movements – Endogenetic Movements
- Weathering – Exogenetic Earth Movements
- Continental Drift Theory – Tectonics
- See Floor Spreading – Paleomagnetism
- Plate Tectonics – Indian Plate Movement
- Ocean – Ocean Convergence
- Continent – Ocean Convergence
- Continent – Continent Convergence
- Types of Mountains – Classification of Mountains
- Fold Mountains – Block Mountains
- Himalayas – Andes – Rockies – Urals – Drakensberg
- Divergent Boundary – African Rift System
- Volcanism – Andesitic, Basaltic – Geyser,Spring
- Volcanic Landforms – Extrusive, Intrusive
- Volcanism Types Based on Out Flow of Lava
- Hotspot Volcanism – Hawaiian, Reunion Hotspot
- Earthquakes – Seismic Waves
- Tsunami – 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
- Rocks – Igneous – Sedimentary – Metamorphic
- Fluvial Erosional Landforms – River Valley
- Fluvial Depositional Landforms – Delta Types
- Glacial Landforms – Erosional and Depositional
- Marine Landforms – Coastlines
- Arid Landforms – Wind Eroded – Water Eroded
- Karst Landforms – Stalactite, Stalagmite
- Lake – Classification of Lakes
- Important Lakes on Earth – Facts About Lakes
- Plateaus Types – Major Plateaus of The World
Climatology
- Latitudes and Longitudes – Standard Time
- Rotation and Revolution of Earth
- Atmosphere – Role, Structure, Composition
- Temperature Distribution on Earth – Heat Budget
- Adiabatic Lapse Rate – Latent Heat of Condensation
- Pressure Belts and Wind Systems
- Wind Movement – Coriolis Force
- Winds – Permanent, Secondary, Local Winds
- Temperature Inversion – Types – Effects on Weather
- Jet Streams – Geostrophic Wind
- Subtropical Jet Stream – Polar Jet Stream
- Air Mass – Air Masses Classification
- Fronts – Types of Fronts – Occluded Front
- Humidity – Relative Humidity – Dew point
- Condensation – Forms of Condensation – Clouds
- Photochemical smog – Sulfurous smog
- Types of Precipitation and Rainfall
- Thunderstorm – Thunder Lightning – Tornado
- Tropical Cyclones – Favorable Conditions, Formation
- Storm Surge – Cyclones in Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal
- Temperate Cyclones – Mid Latitude Cyclone
- Tropical Cyclones vs. Temperate Cyclones
- El Nino – ENSO – La Nina – El Nino Modoki – IOD
- Polar Vortex – Ozone Hole – Ozone Depletion
- Rainforest Climate – Tropical Evergreen Climate
- Monsoon Climate – Monsoon Forests
- Savanna Climate – Tropical Wet Dry Climate
- Desert Climate – Hot Deserts, Mid-Latitude Deserts
- Steppe Climate – Temperate Grassland Climate
- Mediterranean Climate – Western Margin Climate
- China Type Climate – Gulf Type, Natal Type
- British Type Climate – European Maritime Climate
- Taiga Climate – Coniferous forests – Lumbering
- Laurentian Climate | Fishing off Newfoundland, Japan
- Tundra Climate – Polar Climate – Arctic Climate
Oceanography
- Ocean Relief – Major Ocean Relief Features
- Marginal Seas – Bay, Gulf, Strait, Isthmus
- Pacific Ocean – Atlantic Ocean – Indian Ocean
- Ocean currents – Factors responsible – Effects
- Pacific Ocean Currents – Phytoplankton
- Atlantic Ocean Currents – Sargasso Sea
- Indian Ocean Currents – Effect of Monsoons
- Temperature Distribution of Oceans
- Ocean Salinity – Vertical, Horizontal Distribution
- Tides | Spring Tide, Neap Tide | Tidal Bore
- Coral Reef – Fringing Reef | Barrier Reef | Atoll
- Coral Bleaching | Zooxanthellae
Indian Geography
- Geography Notes PDF for UPSC IAS Civil Services Exam
- India – Geographical Extent, Frontiers
- Indian Rock System
- Himalayas – Himalayan Ranges
- Himalayas – Regional Divisions
- Himalayas – Glaciers, Valleys, Snowline
- Mountain Passes – India & Himalayas
- Indo – Gangetic – Brahmaputra Plain
- Divisions of Indo – Gangetic – Brahmaputra Plains
- Peninsular Plateau – Deccan Plateau
- Aravalis-Vindhyas-Satpuras-Western & Eastern Ghats
- Coastline of India – Coastal Plains of India
- Indian Islands – Andaman-Nicobar-Lakshadweep-New Moore
- Drainage Patterns – Discordant-Concordant
- Drainage Systems of India
- Indus River System – Jhelum-Chenab-Ravi-Beas-Satluj
- Ganga – Brahmaputra River System
- Peninsular River System vs. Himalayan River System
- Godavari – Krishna – Mahanadi
- Cauvery – Pennar – Subarnarekha – Ponnaiyar – Vaigai
- Narmada – Tapti – Sabarmati – Mahi – Luni – Ghaggar
- Indian Monsoons – ITCZ – Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone
- Indian Monsoon Mechanism – Jet Stream Theory
- Indian Monsoons – Easterly Jet, Tibet, Somali Jet
- Indian Monsoons – South West, North East Monsoons
- Western Disturbances – Cloudburst
- Indian Climate – Climate of India
- Winter Season – Summer Season – Indian Climate
- South West Monsoon Season
- Retreating Monsoon – North East Monsoon
- Climatic Regions of India – Stamp’s, Koeppen’s
- Forests – Natural Vegetation of India
- Soil Profile – Soil Horizon – Soil Types
- Soil formation in Indian Conditions
- Alluvial Soils – Black Soils – Soil Types
- Red Soils – Lateritic Soils – Alkaline Soils
- Soil Degradation -Soil Erosion – Desertification
- Soil Conservation – Various Methods
Economic Geography
- Iron Ore Distribution across the World
- Iron Ore Distribution in India
- Coal – Formation of Coal – Types of Coal
- Coal in India – Gondwana Coal – Tertiary Coal
- Distribution of Coal across the World
- Petroleum and Mineral Oil in India
- Petroleum and Mineral Oil – World distribution
- Natural Gas Distribution – World, India
- Shale Gas | Coalbed Methane
- Manganese ore Distribution – India, World
- Gold | Silver Distribution – India & World
- Copper | Nickel | Chromite Distribution
- Bauxite | Lead & Zinc | Tungsten | Pyrites
- Nuclear Fission | Nuclear Reactor Types
- Uranium | Thorium – Distribution
- India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme
- Diamond | Graphite – Distribution India, World
- Mica | Limestone | Non-Metallic Minerals in India
Environment General Studies
- Environment Notes for UPSC IAS – GS1, GS3
- Photochemical smog – Sulfurous smog
- Polar Vortex – Ozone Hole – Ozone Depletion
- Environment Questions Asked in Prelims – Mains (2011-15)
- Solved Environment Prelims Questions (2011-15)
- Environment and Ecosystem – Components of an Ecosystem
- Ecology – Principles and Organizations
- Ecotone – Edge Effect | Ecological Niche
- Ecological succession – Primary & Secondary Succession | Homeostasis
- Trophic Levels – Food Chain – Food Web – Biotic Interaction
- Ecological Pyramids – Pyramid of numbers, biomass & energy
- Pollutants And Trophic Level – Biomagnification
- Nutrient Cycles | Biogeo Chemical Cycles
- Biomes – Terrestrial Ecosystems
- Eutrophication – Algal Bloom
- Aquatic Ecosystems
- Wetlands – Wetland Ecosystem
- Ramsar Sites in India – Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
- Mangrove and Estuarine Ecosystems
- Environmental Degradation & Himalayan Environment
- Soil Erosion – Wind & Water Erosion | Desertification
- Air Pollution – Major Air Pollutants – Prevention & Control
- Ozone Depletion | Ozone Hole – Causes, Effects
- Acid Rain – Causes, Effects | Ocean Acidification
- Water Pollution – Causes, Control Measures
- Effects of Water Pollution on Health and Environment
- Water Conservation and Management
- Radioactive Pollution – Ionizing and Non-Ionizing Radiation Effects
- Solid Hazardous E – Waste & Heavy Metal Toxicity
- Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- Biodiversity – Biodiversity of India
- Loss of Biodiversity – Man Animal Conflict – Culling
- Biodiversity Conservation – In Situ & Ex Situ Conservation
- Biodiversity Hot Spots Across India and World
- IUCN Red List India – Red Data List – Red Book – 1
- IUCN Red List India – Red Data List – Red Book – 2
- IUCN Red List India – Red Data List – Red Book – 3
- Insectivorous Plants of India
- Diclofenac – Indian Vulture Crisis
- Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming | Carbon Sink
- Earth Summit 1992 – UNCED | CBD | UNCCD
- UNFCCC – Kyoto Protocol – Carbon Credits Trading
- Paris Summit 2015 – Lima Summit 2014 – INDC
- REDD | IPCC | Global Environment Facility | Arctic Council
- National Action Plan On Climate Change
- Pollution Environment & Biodiversity Conservation Laws
- Project Tiger – Elephant – Indian Rhino – Snow Leopard
- Green Revolution – Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India
- Sustainable Agriculture – Organic Farming – Biofertilizers
- Genetically Modified Crops – Benefits/Controversies
- Newer Agricultural Practices & Misc Topics
- Renewable & Non-Conventional Sources Of Energy
- Non-Renewable Sources Of Energy
- Coastal Regulation Zone – CRZ
General Science
- Universe – Big Bang – Redshift – Blueshift
- Star Formation – Stellar Evolution – Life Cycle Of A Star
- Solar System Formation – Nebular Theory of Laplace
- Solar System – Planets – Inner Planets
- Solar System – Planets – Outer Planets
- Sun – Internal Structure – Atmosphere
- Nuclear Fission | Nuclear Reactor Types
- India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme
- Cell Organelles | Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
- Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides | Polysaccharides
- Proteins | Amino Acids | Enzymes
- Vitamins and Minerals – Deficiency Diseases
- Fats | Healthy Fats and Unhealthy Fats
- Animal Tissues – Epithelium, Connective Tissues
- Human Digestive System | Digestive Glands
- Respiratory System – NCERT General Science
- Endocrine Glands and Hormones
- Human Neural System | Human Brain
- Muscular and Skeletal System
- Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA | Recombinant DNA
- Mitosis | Cell Cycle | Cell Division
- Meiosis | Mitosis – Meiosis Comparison
- Inheritance – Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
- Chromosomal Theory | Human Genome Project
- Sex Determination | Genetic Disorders
- Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
- Microbes In Human Welfare | Useful Microbes
- Immunity | Human Immune System
- AIDS | Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
- Cancer | Causes of Cancer – NCERT
- Drugs and Alcohol Abuse – NCERT
- Diseases | Acute, Chronic, Communicable Diseases
- Blood | Blood Groups | Formed Elements
- Circulatory System | Double Circulation
- Excretory System | Kidney | Urine Formation
- Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth
- Biological Classification – General Science
- Five Kingdom Classification of Plants and Animals
- Plant Parts and Their Functions
- Plant Kingdom – Thallophytes (Algae) – Bryophytes – Pteridophytes
- Plants with Seeds – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
- Plant Tissue – Meristematic – Simple, Complex Permanent Tissue
- Plant Nutrition – Photosynthesis | Nitrogen Cycle, Fixation
- Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants
- Classification of Animal Kingdom (Animalia)
- Classification of Vertebrata (Phylum Chordata)
- Human Reproductive System
- Biotechnology | Genetic Engineering – Processess and Applications
- Atomic Theory – Structure of an Atom
- DELP (UJALA) Scheme – Comparison: LED – CFL – Incandescent Bulb