UPSC IAS Prelims & Mains Notes PMFIAS

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Booklist & Strategy

• Physical Geography by Savindra Singh for Geography Optional
• Certificate Physics And Human Geography by GC Leong for Geography Optional
• Spectrum’s GEOGRAPHY (World Physical and Human Geography) for Geography Optional
• Human Geography by Majid Husain for UPSC IAS Geography Optional
• Evolution of Geographical Thought by Majid Husain for Geography Optional
• Economic and Social Geography Made Simple by Rupa Publications for Geography Optional
• Models in Geography by Majid Husain for Geography Optional
• India a Comprehensive Geography D. R. Khullar for Geography Optional
• Geography of India Majid Husain for Geography Optional
• Distributors & Retailors of PMF IAS Books | Distributor: Delhi Open Books (7011624381)
• Download Environment Second Edition PDF. Hardcopy Available on Amazon
• PMF IAS Geography: Physical, Indian, World & Economic Geography
• Cracking The CSAT (Civil Services Aptitude Test) Paper 2
• 29 Years UPSC Civil Services IAS Prelims Solved Papers 1 & 2 (1995-2023)
• Must-Have Books for UPSC IAS Civil Services Exam Prelims and Mains
• Best-Selling Books for UPSC IAS Civil Services Exam Prelims and Mains
• PMF IAS Books for UPSC IAS Civil Services Exam Prelims and Mains
• Oxford Student Atlas for India for UPSC CSE Prelims
• 10 Previous Year Topic Wise UPSC Civil Services IAS Mains Solved Papers
• Fundamentals of Essay and Answer Writing by Anudeep Durishetty
• The Answer Writing Manual for UPSC Civil Services by Srushti Deshmukh
• Indian Art and Culture by Nitin Singhania for UPSC Prelims and Mains
• Indian History NCERT Class 6-12 (Old+New) for UPSC Prelims and Mains
• A Brief History of Modern India by Rajiv Ahir for UPSC Prelims and Mains
• India’s Struggle For Independence by Bipan Chandra for UPSC Mains
• India After Gandhi: The History of the World’s Largest Democracy by Ramachandra Guha
• World History and Post Independence For UPSC CSE Mains
• PMF IAS Physical Geography for UPSC Prelims and Mains
• PMF IAS Indian and Economic Geography for UPSC Prelims and Mains
• Indian Polity by M Laxmikanth for UPSC CSE Prelims and Mains
• Indian Economy by Nitin Singhania for UPSC Prelims and Mains
• Science and Technology by Ravi P. Agrahari for UPSC Prelims and Mains
• PMF IAS Environment for UPSC Civil Services Prelims and Mains
• Challenges To Internal Security Of India for UPSC Mains
• Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude by G. Subba Rao & P N Roychowdhury for UPSC Mains
• Recommended Books for UPSC IAS Geography Optional

Prelims

Environment – Prelims + Mains [GS1+GS3]

• Environment Questions Asked in Prelims & Mains (2011-15)
• Solved Environment Prelims Questions (2011-15)
• Environment and Ecosystem, Components of an Ecosystem
• Ecology: Levels, Principles and Organizations
• Ecotone: Edge Effect, Edge Species and Ecological Niche
• Functions of Ecosystem: Ecological succession, Homeostasis
• Energy Flow through an Ecosystem: Food Chain, Food Web
• Energy Flow through an Ecosystem: Ecological Pyramids
• Carbon Cycle, Nitrogen Cycle, Phosphorus and Sulphur Cycle
• Biomes or Terrestrial Ecosystems and Aquatic Ecosystems
• Wetland Ecosystem, Measures to Protect Wetlands, NWCP
• Estuarine Ecosystem, Mangroves, Mangroves in India
• Air Pollution: Air Pollutants, Classification of Air Pollutants
• Acid Rain & Ocean Acidification (Effects of Air Pollution)
• Controlling Air Pollution: Bharat Stage VI, National Air Quality Index
• Water Pollution: Causes & Effects, Eutrophication, Algal Blooms
• Water Pollution Control Measures: Bio-Toilets, Bioremediation
• Radioactive Pollution: Ionizing & Non-Ionizing Radiation
• Soil Pollution, Solid Waste, Hazardous Waste, Electronic Waste
• Land Degradation, Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation
• Biodiversity of India, Biodiversity Hotspots of India
• Biodiversity Loss: Habitat Fragmentation & Man-Animal Conflict
• Biodiversity Conservation: In Situ & Ex Situ Conservation
• Greenhouse Effect, Global Warming, Carbon Sequestration
• Earth Summit 1992, UN Environment, Rio+20, CBD, UNFCCC
• UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol (UNFCCC Summit 1997), Carbon Trading
• Paris Agreement, Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC)
• UN-REDD, REDD+, Short-Lived Climate Pollutants, GCCA+
• India’s National Action Plan On Climate Change (NAPCC)
• Laws for Prevention & Control of Pollution, Protection of Environment
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Process & Procedures
• Wild Life Protection Act, Forest Conservation Act, Forest Rights Act
• Project Tiger, Elephant, Snow Leopard, Hangul, Rhino Vision 2020
• Green Revolution, Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India (BGREI)
• Sustainable Agriculture: Mixed cropping, Crop rotation, Mixed Farming
• Organic Farming, Bio-Fertilizers and Their Use in Agriculture
• New Agricultural Practices: Hydroponics, Aquaponics, Aeroponics
• Genetically Modified Crops (GM Crops): Benefits & Controversies
• IUCN Red List India | Red Data List | Red Book Part-1
• IUCN Red List India | Red Data List | Red Book Part-2
• IUCN Red List India | Red Data List | Red Book Part-3
• Indian Vulture Crisis Due to Diclofenac, Vulture Safety Zones
• CITES, TRAFFIC, MIKE, Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)
• Tiger Census Report 2018, MSTrIPES, India’s Tiger Landscapes
• IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere (SROCC)
• Eco-bridges or Eco-ducts for Sustainable development
• Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, Ramsar Site, Montreux Record
• Download Environment Second Edition PDF. Hardcopy Available on Amazon
• Natural Farming, Zero-Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF)
• Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• Ramsar Sites of India (75 Ramsar Sites in India in 2023)

General Science

• Nuclear Fission, Components of Nuclear Reactor, Types of Nuclear Reactors
• India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme
• Cell Organelles | Plant Cell vs. Animal Cell
• Renewable & Non-Conventional Sources Of Energy
• Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides | Polysaccharides
• Proteins | Amino Acids | Enzymes
• Vitamins and Minerals – Deficiency Diseases
• Trans Fat, Saturated & Unsaturated Fats, Healthy & Unhealthy Fats
• Animal Tissues – Epithelium, Connective Tissues
• Human Digestive System | Digestive Glands
• Respiratory System – NCERT General Science
• Endocrine Glands and Hormones
• Human Neural System | Human Brain
• Muscular and Skeletal System
• Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA | Recombinant DNA
• Mitosis | Cell Cycle | Cell Division
• Meiosis | Mitosis – Meiosis Comparison
• Inheritance – Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
• Chromosomal Theory | Human Genome Project
• Sex Determination | Genetic Disorders
• Diseases Caused by Microorganisms
• Microbes In Human Welfare | Useful Microbes
• Immunity | Human Immune System
• AIDS | Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome
• Cancer | Causes of Cancer – NCERT
• Drugs and Alcohol Abuse – NCERT
• Diseases | Acute, Chronic, Communicable Diseases
• Blood | Blood Groups | Formed Elements
• Circulatory System | Double Circulation
• Excretory System | Kidney | Urine Formation
• Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth
• Biological Classification – General Science
• Five Kingdom Classification of Plants and Animals
• Plant Parts and Their Functions
• Plant Kingdom – Thallophytes (Algae) – Bryophytes – Pteridophytes
• Plants with Seeds – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
• Plant Tissue – Meristematic – Simple, Complex Permanent Tissue
• Plant Nutrition – Photosynthesis | Nitrogen Cycle, Fixation
• Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants
• Classification of Animal Kingdom (Animalia)
• Classification of Vertebrata (Phylum Chordata)
• Human Reproductive System
• Biotechnology | Genetic Engineering – Processess and Applications
• Atomic Theory – Structure of an Atom
• Insectivorous Plants of India: Drosera, Pitcher Plant, Utricularia
• Non-Renewable Sources Of Energy
• DELP (UJALA) Scheme – Comparison: LED – CFL – Incandescent Bulb
• Geological Time Scale: Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic & Phanerozoic
• Phanerozoic Eon: Paleozoic Era, Mesozoic Era & Cenozoic Era
• The Universe, Big Bang Theory and The Evolution of The Universe
• Gravitational Waves, Doppler-Shift, Cosmic Microwave Background
• Star Formation (Stellar Evolution or Life Cycle of A Star)
• Galaxies: Spiral Galaxies & Elliptical Galaxies, Our Galaxy (The Milky Way)
• The Formation of the Solar System: Nuclear Disc Model (Neo-Laplacian model)
• Components of the Solar System, Planets and Their Major Moons
• The Sun’s Internal Structure and Atmosphere, Solar Wind
• Planets of the Solar System: Inner Planets and Outer Planets
• Asteroids, Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, Comets, Meteoroid, Meteor and Meteorite
• What’s the Closest Star to the Sun? Proxima Centauri or Alpha Centauri?
• Heliopause ― The boundary of The Solar System?
• Distant Artificial Objects Exploring the Solar System
• Virus, Difference Between Virus & Bacteria, DNA & RNA Viruses
• Coronavirus, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV)
• Immune System, T– Cells & Coronavirus, Cytokine storm
• Covid-19 Tests: RT-PCR, Rapid Antigen Test & Serological Test
• Proposed Vaccines, Treatments in the Context of COVID-19
• Biofuels, Important Biofuels, National Policy on Biofuels 2018
• Elements, Metalloids, Compound, Mixtures vs. Compounds
• Molecule, Ion, Molecules of Elements & Compounds, Atomicity
• Antimicrobial Resistance, Causative Factors, Measures Taken
• Tuberculosis, MDR-TB, National TB Elimination Programme

General Studies 1

Geography

• How to Study Geography GS UPSC IAS
• Fluvial Depositional Landforms | Types of Deltas
• Glacial Landforms: Erosional and Depositional
• Marine Landforms and Cycle of Erosion | Coastlines
• Arid Landforms: Wind Eroded & Water Eroded
• Karst Landforms & Cycle of Erosion | Stalactite & Stalagmite
• Lake | Classification of Lakes (types of lakes)
• Important Lakes on Earth & Facts About Lakes
• Plateau Formation & Types of Plateaus | Major Plateaus of The World
• Latitudes & Longitudes | Standard Time
• Motions of the earth: Rotation and Revolution
• Atmosphere: Role, Structure & Composition
• Temperature Distribution on Earth & Heat Budget
• Adiabatic Lapse Rate | Latent Heat of Condensation
• Atmospheric Pressure Belts and Wind Systems
• Factors Affecting Wind movement | Coriolis Force
• Types of Winds: Permanent, Secondary & Local Winds
• Temperature Inversion: Types & Effects on Weather
• Geostrophic Wind, Jet Streams & Rossby Waves
• Major Jet Steams: Subtropical Jet Stream & Polar Jet Stream
• Air Mass | Air masses based on Source Regions
• Fronts | Types of Fronts: Stationary Front, Warm Front, Cold Front & Occluded Front
• Humidity: Relative Humidity & Dew point
• Condensation | Forms of Condensation: Dew, Fog, Frost, Mist | Types of Clouds
• Smog: Photochemical smog & Sulfurous smog
• Precipitation: Types of Precipitation | Types of Rainfall
• Thunderstorm | Thunder & Lightning | Tornado
• Tropical Cyclones: Favorable Conditions for Formation, Stages of Formation & Structure
• Storm Surge | Naming of Cyclones | Cyclones in Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal
• Temperate Cyclones (Mid Latitude Cyclone or Extra tropical cyclones or Frontal Cyclones)
• Comparison of Tropical Cyclones & Temperate Cyclones
• El Nino | ENSO | La Nina | El Nino Modoki | Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
• Polar Vortex & Ozone Hole (Ozone Depletion)
• Rainforest Climate (Tropical Evergreen Climate)
• Monsoon Climate | Monsoon Forests
• Savanna Climate (Tropical Wet Dry Climate)
• Desert Climate | Hot Deserts & Mid-Latitude Deserts
• Steppe Climate (Temperate Grassland Climate)
• Mediterranean Climate (Western Margin Climate)
• China Type Climate, Gulf Type Climate & Natal Type Climate
• British Type Climate (European Maritime Climate)
• Taiga Climate | Coniferous Forests & Lumbering
• Laurentian Climate | Fishing off Newfoundland & Japan
• Tundra Climate (Polar Climate or Arctic Climate)
• Major and Minor Ocean Relief Features
• Marginal seas of the world | Bay, Gulf, Strait, Isthmus
• Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean & Indian Ocean
• Ocean currents: Forces Responsible For Ocean Currents | Desert Formation and Ocean Currents
• Pacific Ocean Currents | Phytoplankton and Fishing
• Atlantic Ocean Currents | Sargasso Sea
• Indian Ocean Currents | Effect of Monsoons on North Indian Ocean Currents
• Vertical & Horizontal Temperature Distribution of Oceans
• Ocean Salinity: Vertical & Horizontal Distribution of Ocean Salinity
• Tides: Spring Tide & Neap Tide| Tidal Bulge | Tidal Bore
• Coral Reef: Fringing Reef, Barrier Reef & Atoll
• Coral Reef Bleaching and Ideal Conditions for Coral Growth
• India: Geographical Extent & Frontiers
• Indian Rock System: Archaean, Purana, Dravidian & Aryan Rock System
• Himalayan Ranges: Shiwaliks, Middle Himalayas, Greater Himalayas, Trans-Himalayas & Purvanchal
• Regional Divisions of Indian Himalayas
• Himalayas: Glaciers, Valleys & Snowline
• Major Mountain Passes in India & Himalayas
• Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plain | Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar, Khadar
• Divisions of Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Plains
• Peninsular Plateau (Deccan Plateau) | Plateaus in the Peninsular Region
• Hills of Peninsular India: Aravalis, Vindhyas, Satpuras, Western & Eastern Ghats
• Coastline of India | Coastal Plains of India
• Indian Islands: Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Lakshadweep Islands & New Moore Island
• Drainage patterns: Discordant drainage patterns & Concordant Drainage Patterns
• Classification of Drainage Systems of India
• Indus River System: Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas & Satluj
• Ganga-Brahmaputra River System: Major Tributaries of The Ganga & Brahmaputra
• Peninsular River System vs. Himalayan River System
• East Flowing Peninsular Rivers: Godavari, Krishna & Mahanadi
• East Flowing Peninsular Rivers: Cauvery, Pennar, Subarnarekha, Ponnaiyar & Vaigai
• West Flowing Peninsular Rivers: Narmada, Tapti, Sabarmati, Mahi, Luni & Ghaggar
• Mechanism of Indian Monsoons
• Indian Monsoon Mechanism: Jet Stream Theory
• Indian Monsoons: Role of Tropical Easterly Jet, Tibet, Somali Jet & Indian Ocean Dipole
• Indian Monsoons: South West Monsoons & North East Monsoons
• Western Disturbances | Cloudburst
• Indian Climate | Factors Affecting Indian Climate
• Indian Climate: Summer & Winter Seasons
• Indian Climate: South West Monsoon Season
• Indian Climate: Retreating Monsoon Season (North East Monsoons)
• Stamp’s & Koeppen’s Classification of Climatic Regions of India
• Natural Vegetation of India: Moist Tropical, Dry Tropical, Montane Sub-tropical, Montane Temperate & Alpine Forests
• Soil Types: Sandy, Clayey & Loamy | Soil Profile (Soil Horizon)
• Factors that influence soil formation in Indian Conditions
• Major Soil Types of India: Alluvial Soils & Black Soils
• Major Soil Types of India: Red Soils, Lateritic Soils & Alkaline Soils
• Iron Ore Distribution across the World
• Iron Ore Distribution in India | Types of Iron Ore
• Coal | Types of Coal: Peat, Lignite, Bituminous Coal & Anthracite Coal
• Distribution of Coal in India: Gondwana Coalfields & Tertiary Coalfields
• Distribution of Coal across the World
• Distribution of Petroleum and Mineral Oil in India
• World distribution of Petroleum and Mineral Oil
• Natural Gas Distribution: India & World
• Unconventional Gas Resources: Shale Gas & Coalbed Methane
• Manganese Ore Distribution across India & World
• Gold & Silver Distribution across India & World
• Copper, Nickel & Chromite Distribution across India & World
• Bauxite, Lead & Zinc, Tungsten & Pyrites Distribution across India and World
• Nuclear Fission, Components of Nuclear Reactor, Types of Nuclear Reactors
• Uranium & Thorium Distribution across India & World
• India’s Three-Stage Nuclear Power Programme
• Diamond & Graphite Distribution across India & World
• Mica, Limestone & other Non-Metallic Minerals in India
• [CA 17-08-2016] DDUGJYojana | Balochistan| Nubra Valley | Radiocarbon date | Banking Governance
• Sedition – Section 124A of the IPC
• Coastal Regulation Zone – CRZ
• Sagarmala Project – India’s Port-led Development Programme
• Multilateralism – Polarity – International Relations
• [CA 18-08-2016] Managing Western Border | Chromium Pollutant | Blood Banking App
• Food Processing Industry – Mega Food Parks in India
• [CA 19-08-2016] NWC | Article 293 – Borrowing by States | Star Rating of Mines
• [CA 20-08-2016] Siang River | Virtual reality – Merged Reality
• Financial Inclusion – PMJDY – India Post Payments Bank
• [CA 21-08-2016] Bio-Medical Waste Rules, 2016
• [CA 22-08-2016] Executive vs. Judiciary | Saudi – Iran Cold War
• Geography, Environment, & Science Current Affairs for UPSC/IAS CSE
• Lithium-ion battery, Internal Combustion Engine vs. Electric Vehicles
• Heatwave and Urban Heat Island – Causes and Effects
• Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)
• Direct & Indirect Sources for Understanding the Earth’s Interior
• Seismic waves, Shadow Zone of P-waves and S-waves
• Earth’s Layers: Crust, Mantle & Core, Seismic Discontinuities
• Earth’s Magnetic Field, Dynamo theory, Magnetosphere
• Geomagnetic Reversal, Magnetic Declination & Inclination (Dip)
• Endogenic Geomorphic Movements: Epeirogenic & Orogenic
• Exogenic Geomorphic Movements: Denudation & Weathering
• Continental Drift Theory: Evidences and Drawbacks, Tectonics
• Paleomagnetism, See Floor Spreading, Convectional Currents
• Plate Tectonics vs. Continental Drift and See Floor Spreading
• Tectonic Plates & their interactions, Indian Plate Movement
• Ocean-Ocean Convergence and Volcanic Island Arc Formation
• Continent-Ocean Convergence, Formation of Fold Mountains
• Continent-Continent Convergence, Formation of the Himalayas
• Divergent Boundary, The Great Rift Valley (African Rift Valley)
• Classification of Mountains on the basis of Location, Origin
• Fold & Fault in Geology, Fold Mountains and Block Mountains
• Major Mountain Ranges of the World, Highest Mountain Peaks
• Volcanism: Andesitic & Basaltic Lava, Distribution of Volcanoes
• Volcanic Landforms: Extrusive & Intrusive Volcanic Landforms
• Volcanism: Explosive, Strombolian, Vulcanian, Plinian, Pelean
• Hotspot Volcanism, Mantle plumes, Flood Basalt, Supervolcanoe
• Rocks: Igneous, Sedimentary & Metamorphic Rocks, Rock cycle
• Earthquakes: Causes & Distribution, Shallow & Deep Quakes
• Richter Magnitude Scale & Earthquakes of Varying Strengths
• Tsunami: Mechanism & Properties, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
• Soil Erosion: Wind and Water Erosion, Rill and Gully erosion
• Fluvial Erosional Landforms: Meander, Oxbow Lake, Peneplain
• Drainage Patterns: Concordant, Discordant, Dendritic, Trellis
• Current Affairs for UPSC Civil Services Exam: January 01, 2021
• Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Bill, 2020
• Current Affairs for UPSC Civil Services Exam: January 02, 2021
• Current Affairs for UPSC Civil Services Exam: January 07, 2021
• PMF IAS Geography: Physical, Indian, World & Economic Geography
• Russia – Ukraine Crisis
• List of Tiger Reserves in India (53 Tiger Reserves in 2022)
• List of National Parks of India (106 National Parks in India in 2022)
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
• Haryana National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries & Ramsar Sites

General Studies 2

Global Groupings

• G 20 | G 20 Major Economies | 10th G 20 Summit

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