Current Affairs August 06, 2023: International Big Cat Alliance, Tiger Census 2022, Project Tiger

{GS3 – Envi – Conservation – 2023/08/06} International Big Cat Alliance

• Context (DTE | IE | PIB | TH): International Big Cat Alliance was launched in April 2023 to celebrate the 50^th anniversary of Project Tiger.
• International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) is launched by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) for the conservation of seven big cats namely Tiger, Lion, Leopard, Snow Leopard, Cheetah, Jaguar, and Puma.
• The alliance aims to reach out to 97 range countries covering the natural habitats of Tiger, Lion, Snow Leopard, Puma, Jaguar, and Cheetah.
• Objectives of IBCA:
  • To stop the illegal wildlife trade of the seven big cats
  • To work towards the conservation of natural habitats of the seven big cats
  • Mobilisation of financial and technical resources for implementing the conservation and protection agenda

Lion (Panthera leo)

• Lion is the 2^nd largest cat species in the world.
• It is divided into two subspecies: the African lion and the Asiatic lion.

Difference between African lion and Asiatic lion
African lion (Panthera leo leo)	Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica)
Bigger than the Asiatic lion.	Slightly smaller than the African lion.
Males have relatively short, sparse and darker mane.	Males have fuller mane.
Males do not live with the females of their pride unless they’re mating or have a large kill.	Males live with the females of their pride.
The most distinguishing feature is the longitudinal fold of skin that runs along its belly.	This longitudinal fold of skin is absent.
Distribution: Sub-Saharan Africa and West Africa.	Distribution: Found only in Gir National Park, Gujarat, India, and its surrounding areas.
Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and desert	Habitat: Dry deciduous forest
Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: Vulnerable CITES: Appendix II Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: – CMS: Appendix II	Conservation Status: IUCN Red List: Endangered CITES: Appendix I Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I CMS: Appendix II
Threats: Habitat loss, climate change, human-wildlife conflict, inbreeding, diseases, hunting, grazing, mining, infrastructure development, etc. According to the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), lions currently inhabit only 8% of their former ranges, while the rest live out of protected areas.

Tiger (Panthera tigris)

• Tiger is the largest cat species in the world. It is both an umbrella and flagship species.
• Subspecies: There are eight recognised subspecies of tigers, out of which three are extinct.
  1. Bengal tiger: Indian subcontinent
  2. Amur tiger: Amur Rivers region of Russia and China, and North Korea
  3. South China tiger: South central China.
  4. Sumatran tiger: Sumatra, Indonesia.
  5. Indo-Chinese tiger: Continental south-east Asia.
  6. Caspian tiger: Turkey through central and west Asia (extinct).
  7. Javan tiger: Java, Indonesia (extinct).
  8. Bali tiger: Bali, Indonesia (extinct).
• Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, wetlands (inland), and coastal/supratidal areas.
• Countries with most tigers: 1^st India > 2^nd Russia > 3^rd Indonesia > 4^th Nepal > 5^th Thailand
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Endangered
  • CITES: Appendix I
  • Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
• Threats: Habitat loss, climate change, human-wildlife conflict, inbreeding, diseases, hunting, grazing, mining, infrastructure development, tiger farms (big cats are held captive for breeding and sale), etc.

Keystone species: A species whose addition to or loss from an ecosystem leads to major changes in the occurrence of at least one other species. Flagship species: A species chosen to represent an environmental cause, such as an ecosystem in need of conservation.

• World Tiger Day is observed every year on 29^th July.
• Tigers have lost 95% of their historical range, according to the WWF.

Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia)

• Snow leopard (or Ghost of the Mountains) is a keystone and indicator species of high-altitude habitat. It is a flagship species for the high-altitude Himalayan ecosystem.
• It is the 7^th largest cat species in the world.
• Distribution: It is native to the mountain ranges of Central and South Asia. In India, it occurs in Himalayan region.
• Habitat: Alpine and subalpine zones.
• Indian states with largest snow leopard population: 1^st Ladakh > 2^nd Himachal Pradesh > 3^rd Uttarakhand
• Threats: Habitat loss, poaching, climate change, unregulated tourism, and competition with livestock.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
  • CITES: Appendix I
  • Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I

Jaguar (Panthera onca)

• Jaguar is the 3^rd largest cat species of the world.
• Distribution: It is native to the Americas and is the largest cat species in the Americas.
• Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and wetlands (inland).
• Jaguar are often mistaken as cheetahs and leopards. Their distinction is given in the table below.
• Melanistic colour variant of leopard and jaguar is called black panther. It has excess black pigments, but their typical rosettes are also present.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Near Threatened
  • CITES: Appendix I

• Threats: Habitat loss, climate change, human-wildlife conflict, inbreeding, diseases, hunting, grazing, mining, infrastructure development, etc.
  • Jaguars have already lost an approximately 50% of their historic range.

Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)

• Cheetah 6^th largest cat species in the world.
• There are two broad sub species of cheetah – the African Cheetah and the Asian Cheetah.
  • Cheetah Reintroduction Programme: Recently, African Cheetah from Namibia are introduced in the Kuno National Park (MP, India) under this progeamme. This is the world’s first intercontinental translocation of a carnivore. It is even more unique because this is for the first time cheetahs will be reintroduced in an unfenced protected area (PA).

	African Cheetah	Asiatic Cheetah
IUCN status	Vulnerable	Critically Endangered
CITES status	Appendix-I	Appendix-I
WPA, 1972	Schedule I	Schedule I
CMS status	Appendix-I	Appendix-I
Habitat	Found all over African continent. Population around 6,500-7,000.	Found only in Iran (Declared extinct in India in 1952). Population around 40-50.
Physical Characteristics	Bigger in size as compared to Asiatic Cheetah.	Smaller and paler than the African cheetah. It usually has red eyes and a more cat-like appearance.
Image
Threat:	Habitat loss, climate change, human-wildlife conflict, inbreeding, diseases, hunting, grazing, mining, infra-structure development, etc. Cheetahs have reportedly lost 76% of their historic range in Africa.

Puma (Puma concolor)

• Puma (also called cougar and mountain lion) is the 4^th largest cat species in the world.
• It is both nocturnal and crepuscular (active during twilight period) mammal.
• Distribution: It is native to the Americas.
• Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, and lowland and montane desert.
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Least Concern
  • CITES: Appendix II (except population of Panama and Costa Rica)
• Threats: Habitat loss, climate change, human-wildlife conflict, diseases, hunting, livestock farming & ranching, infrastructure development, etc.

Leopard (Panthera pardus)

• Leopard is the 5^th largest cat species of the world.
• It is a nocturnal animal and can adapt to various habitats.
• Distribution and subspecies: There are 8 recognised subspecies of leopard. They are:
  • African leopard: Most of Sub-Saharan Africa
  • Indian leopard: Indian subcontinent, Myanmar and Tibet
  • Javan leopard: Java in Indonesia
  • Arabian leopard: Arabian Peninsula
  • Persian leopard: Turkey, the Caucasus, southern Russia, the Iranian Plateau and the Hindu Kush
  • Amur leopard: Russian Far East and northern China
  • Indochinese leopard: Mainland Southeast Asia and southern China
  • Sri Lankan leopard: Sir Lanka
• Habitat: Forest, savanna, shrubland, grassland, rocky areas (e.g. inland cliffs, mountain peaks), and desert.
• Indian states with largest snow leopard population: 1^st Madhya Pradesh > 2^nd Gujarat > 3^rd Karnataka > 4^th Maharashtra > 5^th Chhattisgarh
• Conservation Status:
  • IUCN Red List: Vulnerable
  • CITES: Appendix I
  • Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972: Schedule I
  • CMS: Appendix II
• Threats: Habitat loss, climate change, human-wildlife conflict, diseases, hunting, grazing, mining, infra-structure development, etc.

{GS3 – Envi – Project Tiger – 2023/08/06} Tiger Census 2022

• Context (NTCA | DTE | IE | IE | IE | IE | TH | DH | TOI): the Tiger Census 2022 (5^th cycle of the All India Tiger Estimation, 2022) was released on International Tiger Day.
• Tiger census is conducted every four years by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) in partnership with state forest departments, NGOs, and the Wildlife Institute of India (WII).

International Tiger Day Every year, July 29th is celebrated as International Tiger Day to raise awareness of tiger conservation. It was first instituted in 2010 at the Tiger Summit in St Petersburg, Russia when the 13 tiger range countries came together to create TX2 or Tigers Times Two (the global commitment to double the number of the world’s wild tigers by 2022).

Methods Used in the Survey for the Tiger Census 2022

Phase I: Countrywide field data collection

• Frontline staff of State Forest Departments collected the phase I data in a digital format on the M-STrIPES mobile application.
• Data collected on each of the following components:
  • Carnivore and megaherbivore sign encounters
  • Ungulate abundance
  • Vegetation
  • Human disturbance
  • Dung counts

M-STrIPES (Monitoring system for Tigers – Intensive Protection and Ecological Status)

• MSTrIPES was launched across Indian tiger reserves by NTCA and WII in 2010.
• It is a software-based monitoring system, designed to assist wildlife protection.
• The system consists of two components:
  1. Field based protocols for patrolling, law enforcement, recording wildlife crimes and ecological monitoring.
  2. A customized GIS software for storage, retrieval, analysis, and reporting.
• Under MSTrIPES, forest guards are expected to record their tracks using a GPS, in addition to recording observations in site-specific data sheets and uploading geo-tagged pictures into the central GIS database.

Advantage of MSTrIPES

• MSTrIPES will help identify shortcomings in patrolling efforts in real-time.
• It acts as proof of the presence and patrolling of forest guards in a particular area.

Phase II: Remotely sensed spatial and attribute covariates

• Distribution and abundance of wildlife are determined by habitat characteristics and human impacts.
• These covariates were obtained from remotely sensed data and used to model tiger occupancy and abundance in combination with Phase I data.

Phase III: Camera trap-based Capture-Mark-Recapture (CMR) Method

• CMR is a method used in wildlife population studies to estimate the abundance and other demographic parameters of animals in the wild.
• The CMR method involves three main steps:
  1. Capture: Motion activated camera traps are used to “capture” images of animals in their natural habitats.
  2. Mark: Once an individual is captured in the first round of camera trapping, it is considered “marked” for subsequent recapture events.
  3. Recapture: During the recapture phase, animals are photographed again.
  • By comparing the number of marked individuals from the initial capture to the number of marked individuals in the recapture events, demographic parameters are estimated using statistical models.
• The individual identification of tigers is carried out using a software for pattern recognition.

Findings of Tiger Census 2022

• With 3,682 tigers India has become home to 75% of the world’s tiger population.
• India’s tigers are largely concentrated in 53 TRs spanning about 2.3% of India’s total land area.

Tiger Population Across Tiger Landscapes

• Tiger Census 2022 has been conducted over five tiger landscapes which covered 20 states.
  1. 1439 Tigers in Central Indian Landscape and Eastern Ghats
  2. 1087 Tigers in Western Ghats Landscape
  3. 819 Tigers in Shivalik Hills and Gangetic Plains Landscape
  4. 236 Tigers in Northeast Hills and Brahmaputra Flood Plains
  5. 101 Tigers in Sundarbans

• All the landscapes has shown increase in tiger population.
• The most notable increase in tiger population is observed in Central India and the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic Plains, which is primarily contributed by MP, Maharashtra, and Uttarakhand.

State	Tiger Population (in 2022)
1439 Tigers in Central Indian Landscape and Eastern Ghats
Madhya Pradesh	785 (1)
Maharashtra	444 (4)
Rajasthan	88
Andhra Pradesh	63
Telangana	21
Odisha	20
Chhattisgarh	17
Jharkhand	1
Total in Central Indian Landscape and Eastern Ghats	1439
1087 Tigers in Western Ghats Landscape
Karnataka	563 (2)
Tamil Nadu	306 (5)
Kerala	213
Goa	5
Total in Western Ghats Landscape	1087
Shivalik Hills and Gangetic Plains Landscape (819)
Uttarakhand	560 (3)
Uttar Pradesh	205
Bihar	54
Total in Shivalik-Gangetic	819
Northeast Hills and Brahmaputra Flood Plains
Assam	229
Arunachal Pradesh	9
Northern West Bengal	2
Mizoram	0
Nagaland	0
Total in North East Hill, and Brahmaputra	236
Sundarbans
Total in Sundarbans	101
Total	3682

Previous Data

Tiger population growth in India
State	2006	2010	2014	2018	2022
Shivalik Gangetic Plain
Uttarakhand	178	227	340	442	560
Uttar Pradesh	109	118	117	173	205
Bihar	10	8	28	31	54
Central Indian Landscape and Eastern Ghats
AP and Telangana	95	72	68	–	–
AP	–	–	–	48	63
Telangana	–	–	–	26	21 (↓)
Chhattisgarh	26	26	46	19	17 (↓)
Madhya Pradesh	300	257	308	526	785
Maharashtra	103	169	190	312	444
Odisha	45	32	28	28	20 (↓)
Rajasthan	32	36	45	69	88
Jharkhand	–	10	3	5	1 (↓)
Western Ghats
Karnataka	290	300	406	524	563
Kerala	46	71	136	190	213
Tamil Nadu	76	163	229	264	306
Goa	–	–	5	3	5
The Northeast
Assam	70	143	167	190	229
Arunachal Pradesh	14	–	28	29	9 (↓)
Mizoram	6	5	3	0	0
Nagaland	–	–	–	–	0
Northern West Bengal	10	–	3	0	2
Sundarbans	–	70	76	88	101
Total	1,411	1,706	2,226	2,967	3,682

States with Maximum Tiger Population

• 1^st MP (785) > 2^nd Karnataka (563) > 3^rd Uttarakhand (560) > 4^th Maharashtra (444)

States with Zero or One Tiger

• Mizoram and Nagaland has zero tiger population.
• Jharkhand has only one tiger.

States that Registered Growth in Tiger Poulation

• The states where tiger population has increased since last census are Bihar, UP, Uttarakhand, Andhra Pradesh, MP, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, TN, Assam, and WB.

States that Registered Decline in Tiger Poulation

• The states where tiger population has declined since last census are Telangana, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, and Arunachal Pradesh.

Tiger Reserves with Maximum Tiger Population

• 1^st Corbett (Uttarkhand – 260) > 2^nd Bandipur (Karnataka – 150) > 3^rd Nagarhole (Karnataka – 141) > 4^th Bandhavgarh (Madhya Pradesh – 135) > 5^th Dudhwa (Tamil Nadu – 114)

Tiger Reserves with Only One Tiger

Tiger Reserves With Only One Tiger
State	Tiger Reserve
Chattisgarh	Indravati
	Udanti Sitanadi
Jharkhand	Palamu
Rajasthan	Mukundara
	Ramgarh Vishadhari
Arunachal Pradesh	Namdapha
West Bengal	Buxa

Tiger Reserves with Zero Tiger Population

Tiger Reserves With No Tiger
State	Tiger Reserve
Maharashtra	Sahyadri
Odisha	Satkosia
Telengana	Kawal
Mizoram	Dampa
Arunachal Pradesh	Kamlang

Conservation Requirements

• 35% of the tiger reserves urgently require enhanced protection measures.

Presence and Abundance of Wild Ungulate Prey

• The primary prey for tigers in India consists of large-bodied ungulates like chital, sambar, hog deer, swamp deer, gaur, and wild pigs.
• To have high density of tiger population, maintaining a strong prey base is the basic requirement.

Protection from Poaching

• Tiger populations across the world are primarily depleted due to poaching. More stringent measures are required to tackle the poaching menace.

Reducing Human Pressure

• Though tigers can occur in habitats that are not protected areas (PAs), they achieve high densities (source populations) only within and in close distance to legally protected areas.
• So, the human pressure within and around the PAs should be reduced by translocating them with proper compensation.

Habitat Connectivity (Corridors) Across Tiger Bearing Landscapes

• In India, 77% of tiger population resides in and around its 53 TRs and other PAs.
• The remaining 23% inhabit various forest patches. Many of these populations are small and their long-term survival is dependent on habitat connectivity for gene flow.
• Currently, habitat connectivity for wild species is under severe pressure due to linear infrastructure development, agriculture expansion, mining activities, deforestation, and other factors.

Invasive Species

• The survival of tigers depends on high densities of herbivoures, which requires large wilderness areas with abundant nutritious forage.
• But the nutritious forage of herbivoures are getting depleted due invasive plants species.
• High-concern invasive plants are Ageratum conyzoides, Chromolaena odorata, Mesosphaerum suaveolens, Lantana camara, Mimosa diplotricha, Mikania micrantha, Parthenium hysterophorus, Prosopis juliflora, Senna tora, and Xanthium strumarium.

Project Tiger – An Initiative Behind India’s Success in Tiger Number

• Project Tiger is a centrally sponsored tiger conservation scheme of MoEFCC launched on 1973 in the Jim Corbett National Park (Uttarakhand).
• Aim: to protect tigers from extinction by ensuring a viable population in their natural habitats.
• It is administered by the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA).
• 50^th anniversary of Project Tiger was celebrated on April 2023. On this occasion, International Big Cat Alliance is launched.
• Recently, Project Tiger has been merged with Project Elephant, meaning a common allocation will fund both beginning this year.

Project Tiger and Project Elephant > PMF IAS Environment 2^nd Edition > Page 74-84