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Scheduled Areas under PESA Act 1996
Part IX of the Constitution
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Gram Panchayat |
Gram Sabha |
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Gram Panchayat is the lowest level of Panchayati Raj that functions at the village level. | Gram Sabha is the general assembly that operates at the village level | |
It includes members directly elected by Gram Sabha members. | It includes all the registered voters of a village. | |
It is a temporary body (elected for a term of five years). | It is a permanent body. | |
Administrative body that implements decisions made by Gram Sabha. | Consultative body that decides on village-level issues. | |
Implements developmental and welfare schemes. | Plans and develops developmental and welfare schemes. | |
Direct access to funds. | No direct access to funds. |
Ministry of Panchayati Raj (MoPJ)
Related Constitutional Provisions
Article 243M of the IC
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Rule 176 | Rule 267 |
Short-duration discussion that does not last for more than 2.5 hrs. | There is no such time limit. It allows for a more in-depth discussion of the matter at hand |
Does not require a formal motion or voting |
Requires a formal motion or voting |
Used for time-sensitive matters like Manipur situations or natural disasters. | Used for national importance matters like essential commodity or National security. |
A less disruptive way. | A more disruptive way. |
{GS3 – Agri – Subsidies – 2023/08/09} Sugarcane Pricing
Business Expenditure
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Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP)
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Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) |
Minimum Support Price (MSP) |
FRP is the minimum price at which sugar mills purchase sugarcane from farmers. | MSP is the minimum price at which certain agricultural products are directly procured from farmers by the GoI. |
It is mandated only for sugarcane. | It is mandated for kharif crops (14), rabi crops (6), and other commercial crops. |
FRP is governed by the statutory provisions of the Sugarcane (Control) Order, 1966 issued under the Essential Commodities Act (ECA), 1955. | MSP is not governed by any statutory provision.
It is simply an obligatory exercise. |
Both FRP and MSP are declared by the GoI based on the recommendation of the Commission for Agricultural Costs and Prices (CACP). |
Raw Sugar |
Refined Sugar |
Raw sugar is obtained directly from the initial processing of sugarcane juice. | Refined sugar is the end product of further processing of raw sugar.
All impurities are almost removed, resulting in pure sucrose crystals. |
Light to medium brown in colour. | White in colour. |
Coarser texture. | Uniform texture and fine crystal structure. |
Contains residual molasses. | No residual molasses or impurities. |
ICUMSA value of 600-1,200 or higher | ICUMSA value of 45 or lower |
Higher moisture content. | Lower moisture content. |
International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis (ICUMSA)
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Credit Rating | Significance |
AAA |
Highest credit quality |
AA | Very high credit quality |
A | likely to repay |
BBB |
expected to repay, but some risk is involved |
BB |
likely to repay, but significant risk is involved |
B |
may or may not repay its debt obligations |
CCC |
Very highly speculative credit quality |
DDD |
will likely default |
D |
In default /debt obligations |
Indian Armed Forces
Central Armed Police Force (CAPF)
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Malware (malicious software)
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Different types of malware
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