Circular Migration, Circular Migration in India

Oct 5, 2023

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Table of contents

Circular migration

Context (TH): Circular migration is characterised by individuals moving between their country of origin and a destination country temporarily in response to employment opportunities.

This phenomenon is predominantly observed among low-income groups seeking seasonal employment in various locations.

Circular migration gained prominence in the 1960s and 1970s with the rise of globalisation.
Improved transportation and communication, the expansion of social networks, and the growth of multinational corporations boosted the circular migration phenomenon.

For a country of origin, circular migration can lead to the flow of remittances, boosting the domestic economy. However, it may also result in brain drain.
For destination countries, circular migration can help fill low-income, low-skill job gaps. Yet, it can also lead to concerns and cultural conflicts among host populations.

In India, internal migration has historically followed circular patterns.
The movement of rural populations to urban areas for employment in manufacturing, construction, and services sectors has been common.
The uneven development post-liberalization has led to significant inter-state migration, with some states like West Bengal, Odisha, and Bihar witnessing high out-migration rates.

Circular migrants in India often face exploitation and work in unsafe conditions.
Language barriers in destination states pose additional challenges.
Migrants are at the mercy of middlemen or brokers and are subject to precarious, seasonal, and irregular employment.
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted their vulnerability as many migrants embarked on long journeys back to their hometowns during lockdowns.

Harmonize Labor Laws to provide equal protection to all workers.
Social Security and Health Benefits to migrants, ensuring their well-being.
Portability of State-Provided Benefits, especially food provided through PDS.
Skill Development Programs to enhance their employability and income potential.
Data Collection and Research on migration patterns to inform policy-making.
Affordable Housing and basic amenities in urban areas
Legal framework to Protect Migrant Rights