{GS1 – A&C} Thousand Pillar Temple *
- Context (TH): ASI completed the restoration of the Kalyana Mandapam of the Thousand Pillar Temple.
- Thousand Pillar Temple, also known as Rudreswara Swamy Temple, is a 12th-century Hindu temple in Hanamkonda, Telangana.
- Constructed by: King Rudra Deva of the Kakatiya dynasty in 1163 CE, blending Chalukyan and early Kakatiya architectural styles.
- Triple Shrine: The temple is dedicated to three deities: Shiva, Vishnu, and Surya. Lord Surya is worshipped here instead of Lord Brahma, who is typically part of the Hindu Trinity.
- Architecture: It is supported by vertically carved, lathe-turned pillars that create the illusion of countless pillars, giving rise to the name “Thousand Pillars”. The temple is built on a raised, star-shaped platform.
- It has a foundation incorporating a layer of sand as a cushion against earthquakes (Sandbox Technology).
{GS2 – Governance} Regulatory Impact Assessments in India **
- Context (LM): Several government committees have urged the institutionalisation of Regulatory Impact Assessments (RIAs) to evaluate the costs, benefits, and long-term societal effects of laws.
- RIA is a systematic, evidence-based process to evaluate the potential costs, benefits, and impacts of proposed regulations before implementation.
- Components: It involves defining the problem, evaluating alternatives, including non-regulatory approaches, analysing costs and benefits, and consulting stakeholders.
Significance of Implementing RIA
- Compliance Rationalisation: Regulatory checkpoints can reduce annual overhead costs of up to ₹17 lakh on manufacturing MSMEs by streamlining over 1,450 compliance obligations.
- Investment Predictability: Institutionalised regulatory filters guarantee long-term policy consistency, which can reverse recent sharp declines in net FDI.
- Trade Integration: Mandating RIA processes will prevent non-tariff barriers and satisfy regulatory transparency clauses in India’s recent Free Trade Agreements.
- Federal Alignment: RIA bridges the compliance disconnect between Union and State frameworks, shielding central deregulatory measures from fragmented local guidelines.
Implementation Challenges of RIA
- Analytical Limitations: Gaps in econometric expertise and granular baseline data hinder reliable modelling of regulatory impacts on informal-sector enterprises.
- Institutional Inertia: Entrenched bureaucratic cultures may reduce mandatory RIA assessments to box-ticking exercises that carry no institutional accountability.
- Federal Divergence: Constitutional friction and political short-termism from state governments can undermine uniform execution of the RIA mandate across regional jurisdictions.
- Statutory Vulnerability: Without an enforceable legal mandate, ministries can bypass pre-legislative scrutiny and implement unvetted rules with immediate effect.
Way Forward
- Analytical Augmentation: Establish an Economic Intelligence Unit within the Cabinet Secretariat to equip line ministries with econometric tools to address data limitations.
- Statutory Codification: Enact a Regulatory Transparency Act to establish a legal framework compelling all government agencies to conduct independent pre-legislative assessments.
- Federal Harmonisation: Leverage the NITI Aayog Governing Council to forge cross-state consensus and synchronise disparate regional and central compliance frameworks.
- Procedural Mandates: Enforce a mandatory 60-day public consultation period that guarantees economic scrutiny before parliamentary enactment.
Read More > Regulatory Reform in India
{GS2 – Polity} Appointment of CBI Director
- Context (HT): Leader of Opposition has expressed dissent over the selection process for the new Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).
- As per Delhi Special Police Establishment (DSPE) Act, 1946, the Director of the CBI is appointed by the Central Government on the recommendation of 3-member selection committee comprising:
- Prime Minister (Chairperson)
- Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha
- Chief Justice of India or a Supreme Court Judge nominated by the CJI.
- The decision is generally taken by the majority opinion, and a disagreement or dissent does not veto or stop the appointment.
- Tenure: 2 years, extendable to 3 more years (1 year at a time).
{GS3 – Agri} Climate Change and Crop Yields in India
- Context (DTE): A 51-year study titled ‘Climate Change and Crop Yields in India’ highlights both heat and rainfall shocks have large and persistent effects on agricultural productivity.
Key Findings
- Dual Climate Shocks Hit Equally Hard: A 20 per cent rainfall deficit or 1°C temperature increase reduces national average yields across all crops by about 8%.
- Long-Run Losses Exceed Short-Run Damage: Long-run losses are 35–66% higher than short-run impacts for key crops like rice and wheat. Hence, policy responses based on immediate data alone will consistently underestimate the true harm.
- Productivity Gains Are Being Wiped Out: A 1°C rise in temperature was equivalent to wiping out around 4 years of accumulated productivity gains for both rice & wheat; and 8 for sugarcane.
- Macroeconomic Implications: Persistent high inflation from yield losses erodes purchasing power, disproportionately impacts low-income households, destabilises inflation expectations & complicates monetary policy.
{GS3 – Agri} Protective Irrigation as India’s Monsoon-Resilience Strategy **
- Context (DTE): India’s food security and rural income stability require a shift from productive to protective irrigation in the face of climate change.
- Protective Irrigation: Provides enough water to prevent moisture stress and crop failure, while productive irrigation maximises yields in small areas. It emphasises ‘crop per drop’ over ‘yield per acre’.
Why India Needs Protective Irrigation?
- Monsoon Stress: Indian summer monsoon rainfall has declined by 6% since 1951, with some regions facing a 20-30% reduction. Monsoon dry spells increased by 27%, mainly affecting Central India.
- India experienced its driest August in over a century in 2023 with a 36% national rainfall deficit.
- Disparity: In 2025, the monsoon reached 108% of the Long Period Average, but Bihar and northeastern states had deficient rainfall.
- Canal Constraints: Existing canals are silted, outdated, and repurposed for intensive cropping, reducing access for marginal areas.
Implementation Roadmap
- Policy Reform: Integrate protective irrigation as the main climate-adaptation measure in national and state water-agriculture policies.
- Local Governance: Provide water user associations, panchayats, and farmer-producer groups with autonomy, conflict-resolution mechanisms, and planning capacity.
- Infrastructure: Shift to distributed systems, supporting farm ponds, check dams, pressurised pipelines, drip, and sprinkler systems for last-mile access.
- Water Budgeting: Train farmers, frontline staff, and village-level hydrologists to assess soil moisture and crop-stage needs for short-term forecasts.
- Revenue Support: Increase spending on maintenance, farmer consultations, social capital, and local problem-solving.
{GS3 – Envi} Solid Waste Management (SWM) Rules, 2026 *
- Context (TH): Experts argue that the overlap of the SWM Rules, 2026 undermine federalism and local self-governance through excessive centralisation.
- The Rules are framed under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, enacted under Article 253 of the Constitution for implementing international environmental obligations like Stockholm Declaration, 1972.
- The Rules came into effect from April 1, 2026. It seek to improve source segregation, regulate bulk waste generators, promote scientific processing, reduce landfills, remediate legacy dumpsites & promote circular economy.
Key Concerns with the Rules
- Excessive Centralisation: The Rules impose a uniform framework across India’s diverse regions, undermining the principle of subsidiarity that governance should function at the lowest effective level.
- One-Size-Fits-All Approach: Waste-management needs vary across metropolitan cities, hill towns, coastal regions, tribal areas etc., making uniform compliance requirements impractical.
- Weak Capacity of Local Bodies: Most Urban Local Bodies and Gram Panchayats lack the technical manpower, financial resources, infrastructure, & digital capacity needed for effective implementation.
- Overemphasis on Reporting: The Rules’ extensive reporting requirements through centralised digital platforms risk prioritising bureaucratic compliance over actual waste management outcomes.
Way Forward
- Decentralisation: Since waste management is a local issue, states should have flexibility to design context-specific solutions, fostering innovation through decentralised composting, waste-worker cooperatives etc.
- Strengthen Local Bodies: Urban Local Bodies and Gram Panchayats should be provided with finance, technical expertise, skilled manpower, and infrastructure support to ensure effective implementation.
- Phased Implementation: Implementation should begin with megacities and metropolitan areas before extending progressively to smaller towns and rural regions.
- Promote Citizen Participation: Ward committees, gram sabhas, resident welfare associations, and informal waste workers should be meaningfully integrated into waste governance systems.
{GS3 – Envi} UN Global Forest Goals Report 2026
- Context (DTE): United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN-DESA) released the Global Forest Goals Report 2026 at the opening of the 21st session of the UN Forum on Forests.
- The report assesses progress towards six Global Forest Goals under the United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests 2017–2030.
Major Findings of the Report
- Forest Loss: World lost over 40 million hectares of forest between 2015-25.
- Key Drivers: Agricultural expansion, climate change, wildfires, illegal logging, pests, and unsustainable resource exploitation are major causes of forest degradation.
- Targets Off Track: Two major goals — reversing forest loss and eliminating extreme poverty among forest-dependent populations — remain off track, especially in Sub-Saharan Africa.
- Financing Gap: Global funding for sustainable forest management was only $84 billion in 2023, far below the required $300 billion annually needed by 2030.
United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests (UNSPF) 2017–2030
- UNSPF 2017–2030 is a global framework adopted by the UNGA to promote sustainable management, conservation, and restoration of forests worldwide.
- Adoption: It was adopted in 2017 to guide global forest action till 2030 in alignment with the SDGs.
- Objective: The plan aims to halt deforestation, restore degraded forests, and enhance the social, economic, and environmental benefits of forests.
- Coverage: The framework is built around six Global Forest Goals & 26 targets to be achieved by 2030.
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- Context (PIB): The National Jute Board (NJB) has been implementing the Jute Crop Information System (JCIS) since 2023 to strengthen monitoring and assessment of jute cultivation in India.
About National Jute Board
- Statutory body created through the NJB Act, 2008 and became operational in 2010. Headquarters: Kolkata
- It was established under the Ministry of Textiles to promote, develop, and regulate the jute sector in India.
- It acts as the nodal agency for development of the jute industry, promotion of jute products, market support and awareness initiatives and technological interventions in jute cultivation.
{Prelims – Envi} Odonata Species
- Context (TH | DH): A 2021–23 survey in the Western Ghats documented only 65% of historically recorded Odonata species, indicating a possible 35% decline in biodiversity.
- Odonata is an ancient insect order encompassing all dragonflies and damselflies. Originating in the Triassic period (from Carboniferous ancestors), they are among the earliest aerial predators.
- These carnivorous insects have large compound eyes, nearly 360-degree vision, paired transparent wings, and elongated bodies.
- Found in freshwater ecosystems on all continents except Antarctica; highest diversity in tropical rainforests.
- Key Role: Ecological indicators for freshwater ecosystems due to their environmental sensitivity.
{Prelims – S&T} ICGS Achal
- Context (NOA): Indian Coast Guard commissioned ICGS Achal, the latest vessel in the new-generation Adamya-class Fast Patrol Vessel series.
- Designed and built indigenously by M/s Goa Shipyard Limited (GSL), it incorporates more than 50% indigenous components.
- Adamya class vessels are Fast Patrol Vessels of the Indian Coast Guard designed for coastal surveillance, maritime security, and law enforcement operations at sea.
- Context (NDTV): Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) has been renamed Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome (PMOS) to reflect its wider hormonal and metabolic impacts beyond ovarian cysts.
- PMOS is a hormonal and metabolic disorder affecting women, characterised by irregular ovulation, hormonal imbalance, insulin resistance, and metabolic complications.
- It involves excess androgen (“male”) hormones, causing acne, facial hair growth, and irregular menstruation.
- Women with PMOS often have immature ovarian follicles that appear cyst-like but are not true cysts.
- It is linked with insulin resistance, obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
- Impacts: Disrupts normal ovulation, leading to irregular menstrual cycles & fertility issues, leads to anxiety, depression, mood disorders, and reduced quality of life.
- It affects ~1 in 8 women globally and is increasingly common among adolescents and young women.
{Prelims – Social Sector} Psychedelics
- Context (TH): Researchers found that psychedelic substances temporarily dissolve the brain’s normal hierarchical organisation and increase communication between different brain regions.
- Psychedelic substances are psychoactive drugs that alter perception, mood, cognition, & consciousness.
- They mainly affect the brain’s serotonin receptors, influencing sensory processing and thought patterns.
- Effects: Can cause hallucinations, an altered sense of time, intensified emotions, and ego dissolution.
- Examples: Lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin (magic mushrooms), Dimethyltryptamine, mescaline, etc.
- Serotonin is a neurotransmitter and hormone that carries signals between nerve cells in the brain and body. It helps regulate mood, sleep, appetite, emotions, and overall mental well-being, and is often called “happy hormone.”
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{Prelims – Misc} One Liners
- Agri – Baska Honey (PIB): APEDA facilitated its first-ever export from Assam to the USA. It is a high-purity honey with medicinal value, harvested by indigenous communities in the Bodoland Territorial Region and recognised under the One District One Product (ODOP) scheme.
- ODOP, launched in 2018 by UP and adopted nationally by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, promotes one product per district to support regional development.
- Polity – Pro-Tem Speaker (TH): A temporary presiding officer appointed to manage the initial proceedings of a newly elected Lok Sabha or State Assembly. The office ends when the new speaker is elected.
- The President (for Lok Sabha) or the Governor (for State Assemblies) usually appoints the senior-most member (by number of terms served) as Pro-Tem Speaker to administer the oaths to new members and oversee the election of the Speaker.
- Governance – National Centre for Good Governance (NCCG) (PIB): NCGG commenced its first capacity-building programme for senior civil servants from Seychelles.
- NCGG is an autonomous think tank under Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances, focusing on policy reform, capacity building, and training for civil servants. It was established in 2014, replacing the National Institute of Administrative Research, with the Cabinet Secretary heading its Governing Body.
