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PMF IAS

Notes for UPSC IAS Civil Services Exam

 GEO+ENVI @ 119  GEOGRAPHY-90  ENVIRONMENT-60  BIOLOGY-20 MAJOR CROPS-10 ART & CULTURE
PMF IAS > General Science > Biology

Biotechnology | Genetic Engineering – Processess and Applications

March 28, 2016 by PMF IAS 12 Comments

biotechnology - cloning - dolly

Biotechnology, Genetic Engineering, Cloning, Recombinant DNA, Cloning Vectors, Competent Host, Biotechnology And Its Applications in Medicine & Agriculture.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General ScienceBasics:Nucleic acids – DNA and RNA | Recombinant DNABiotechnology … [Read more...]

Human Reproductive System

March 15, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

sex of the embryo

Sexual Reproduction - Human Reproductive System, Male and Female Reproductive System, Gametogenesis, Menstrual Cycle, Fertilisation.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General Science Reproduction In AnimalsThere are two modes by which animals reproduce. These are:Sexual reproduction, and … [Read more...]

Classification of Vertebrata (Phylum Chordata)

March 12, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

Division - Vertebrata - Classsification

Phylum - Chordata - Division In Vertebrata: Cyclostomata, Pisces, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes, Amphibia, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General Science Phylum - ChordataAnimals belonging to phylum Chordata are fundamentally characterised by the presence of a … [Read more...]

Classification of Animal Kingdom (Animalia)

March 11, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

Arthropoda - scorpion - prawns -butterfly

Classification of Animal Kingdom - Porifera, Coelenterata, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Chordata.]Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General Science Basis for Animal Kingdom Classification Classification of Animal Kingdom is based on various fundamental … [Read more...]

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants

March 10, 2016 by PMF IAS 1 Comment

Sexual Reproduction in Plants – Unisexual and Bisexual

Sexual and Asexual Reproduction in Plants – Asexual Reproduction: Vegetative Propagation, Budding, Spores – Sexual Reproduction: Unisexual, Bisexual.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General Science Modes Of Reproduction in PlantsThere are several ways by which plants produce their offspring. These … [Read more...]

Plant Nutrition – Photosynthesis | Nitrogen Cycle, Fixation

March 10, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

Nitrogen Cycle - Atmosphere - Biomass - Soil

Nutrition in Plants - Photosynthesis, Saprotrophs, Symbiosis, Parasites, Macronutrients - Micronutrients in Plants, Nitrogen Cycle, Nitrogen Fixation.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General Science Nutrition in PlantsNutrition is the mode of taking food by an organism and its utilization by the … [Read more...]

Plant Tissue – Meristematic – Simple, Complex Permanent Tissue

March 9, 2016 by PMF IAS 1 Comment

Parts of Plant Stem - Plant Tissues

Plant Tissue - Meristematic Tissue, Permanent Tissue - Simple Permanent Tissue: Parenchyma, Chlorenchyma. Complex Permanent Tissue: Xylem, Phloem.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General Science Plant TissuesPlants are stationary or fixed – they don’t move. Most of the tissues they have are … [Read more...]

Plants with Seeds – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

March 8, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

Life cycle of an angiosperm (Custom)Life cycle of an angiosperm (Custom)

Kingdom Plantae – Phanerogams – Plants with Seeds: Gymnosperms, Angiosperms: Monocots and Dicots or Dicotyledon and Monocotyledon.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General SciencePhanerogams – Plants with SeedsPlants with well differentiated reproductive tissues that ultimately make seeds are … [Read more...]

Plant Kingdom – Thallophytes (Algae) – Bryophytes – Pteridophytes

March 8, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

Plant Kindgom - Pteridophytes (Custom)

Plantae - Plant Kingdom, Algae – Thallophytes: Green Algae, Brown Algae, Red Algae, Uses of algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Cryptogamae.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General Science PlantaeClassification among plants depends onwhether the plant body has well differentiated, distinct … [Read more...]

Plant Parts and Their Functions

March 7, 2016 by PMF IAS 1 Comment

Plant Parts and Their Functions – Structural Organization in Plants

Plant Parts – Root, Stem, Leaf, Transpiration, Respiration in Plants, Flower, Androecium, Gynoecium, Fruit, Transport Of Water And Minerals In Plants.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General Science Plant Parts and Their Functions – Structural Organization in PlantsThe RootThe main functions of … [Read more...]

Five Kingdom Classification of Plants and Animals

March 7, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

Biological Classification – Kingdom Monera, Kingdom Protista, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia, Viruses, Viroids and Lichens.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General Science Biological Classification of Plants and AnimalsBiological classification of plants and animals was first … [Read more...]

Biological Classification – General Science

March 6, 2016 by PMF IAS 3 Comments

Biological Classification - kingdoms

Biological Classification: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Viruses, Viroids, Lichens. Biodiversity, Classification, Taxonomic Categories.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General Science BiodiversityClassification of life forms will be closely related to their evolution. Charles Darwin … [Read more...]

Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth

March 5, 2016 by PMF IAS 2 Comments

Origin - Evolution - Life - Earth

Origin of Life on Earth - Evolution of Life on Earth - Adaptive Radiation - Biological  Evolution - Origin and Evolution of Man – Timeline of Evolution.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT General Science Origin Of Life on EarthThe universe is very old - almost 13 billion years old. Huge clusters of … [Read more...]

Excretory System | Kidney | Urine Formation

March 3, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

Kidney - Excretory SystemKidney - Excretory System

Human Excretory System – Kidneys, Urine Formation, Tubules: Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT), Henle’s Loop, Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT), Collecting Duct.Source | Credits | Picture Credits: NCERT Science Textbooks Class 6-12 Excretory SystemWhen our cells perform their functions, certain waste products are … [Read more...]

Circulatory System | Double Circulation

March 3, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

Human Heart - Human Circulatory System

Circulatory System – Human Circulatory System: Heart, Heartbeat, Cardiac Cycle, Electrocardiograph (ECG), Double Circulation, Disorders of Circulatory System. Circulatory SystemThe English physician, William Harvey (A.D.1578–1657), discovered the circulation of blood. The circulatory patterns are of two types … [Read more...]

Blood | Blood Groups | Formed Elements

March 3, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

Blood Groups - ABO Grouping

Blood – Blood Vessels, Body Fluids and Circulation: Plasma, Formed Elements: Red Blood Cells (RBC), White Blood Cells (WBC), Platelets, Coagulation of Blood, Blood Groups. BloodIt transports substances like digested food from the small intestine to the other parts of the body. It carries oxygen from the lungs to … [Read more...]

Diseases | Acute, Chronic, Communicable Diseases

March 1, 2016 by PMF IAS 1 Comment

antibiotics - diseases treatment prevention - Copyantibiotics - diseases treatment prevention - Copy

Acute and Chronic Diseases, Communicable Diseases, Organ-Specific Diseases, Principles of Treatment, Principles of Prevention, Diseases in Indian Children.Some important concepts related to diseases from previous posts:Vitamins and Minerals – Deficiency Diseases Sex Determination | Genetic Disorders … [Read more...]

Drugs and Alcohol Abuse – NCERT

March 1, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

Drug Types - substance abuse

Drugs and Alcohol Abuse - Effects of Drug/Alcohol Abuse - Prevention and Control. Drugs and Alcohol AbuseThe drugs, which are commonly abused are opioids, cannabinoids and coca alkaloids. Majority of these are obtained from flowering plants. Some are obtained from fungi. Opioids are the drugs, which bind … [Read more...]

Cancer | Causes of Cancer – NCERT

March 1, 2016 by PMF IAS Leave a Comment

Types of Cancer

Cancer - Types of Tumors, Causes of Cancer, Cancer Detection and Diagnosis and Treatment of cancer. CancerCancer is one of the most dreaded diseases of human beings and is a major cause of death all over the globe. More than a million Indians suffer from cancer and a large number of them die from it … [Read more...]

AIDS | Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

March 1, 2016 by PMF IAS 1 Comment

AIDS – Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome

AIDS – Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome – Causes of AIDS – Mechanism of HIV Proliferation in Human Body – Prevention of AIDS. AIDS – Acquired Immuno Deficiency SyndromeThe word AIDS stands for Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome. This means deficiency of immune system, acquired during the lifetime of an … [Read more...]

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