Smart Farming and Digitisation in Agriculture

Context (PIB): GoI promotes the adoption of smart farming methods through technology and innovation in the country’s agricultural sector.

Why is Smart Farming and Digitisation in Agriculture Important for India?

Precision agriculture: Smart farming enables precise monitoring of soil health, water usage, nutrient levels, etc., leading to higher productivity.
Improve resource efficiency: Smart irrigation systems like drip and sprinkler methods significantly reduce water waste, a crucial issue in water-scarce regions of India.
Early pest and disease detection

Reduced costs and labour: E.g. automated tasks like precision irrigation reduce labour requirements.
Improved market access: Digital platforms like eNAM connect farmers directly to buyers, eliminating middlemen and improving price transparency and returns.
Enhanced resilience and climate adaptation: Weather forecast apps help farmers to cope with droughts and floods.

Reduced water and chemical use: Micro irrigation minimises water waste, and soil health cards optimise fertiliser and pesticide application.
Carbon footprint reduction: Optimised utilisation of agri-resources can lower greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural activities. For e.g., reduced fertiliser production.

Small landholdings: Smart farming offers solutions for small farms, helping them maximise limited resources and improve land use efficiency. E.g., vertical farming.
Skill gap and digital divide: Training programmes and affordable technology solutions will equip traditional farmers with the necessary skills and knowledge. E.g., Krishi Vigyan Kendras.

NeGPA was launched in 2010-11 to utilise information and communication technologies (ICT) to provide information and services to the farming community, private sectors, and stakeholders.
It funds State Governments for Digital Agriculture Projects using technologies like Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, the Internet of Things (IoT), blockchain, etc.

e-NAM is a pan-India electronic trading portal that networks the existing Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC) mandis to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities.
Digital services are provided to traders, farmers, farmers' producer organisations (FPOs), and mandis.

Under the PM KISAN Scheme, the fund is directly transferred into the bank accounts of the eligible farmers under the Direct Benefit Transfer mode.
PM-KISAN Mobile App was launched to broaden the reach of the scheme.

AGMARKNET supports the development of agricultural marketing infrastructure by offering backend subsidy support to state, cooperative, and private sector investments.
Services are delivered through the AGMARKNET, a G2C e-governance portal serving farmers, industry, policymakers, and academic institutions.

The HORTNET project is a web-enabled system for providing financial assistance under MIDH.
It helps in online application filing and payment to the beneficiary’s bank account through DBT.

It issues soil health cards to farmers to address nutrient deficiencies in fertilisation practices.
The Soil Health Card Portal allows farmers to track soil samples.

It facilitates the dissemination of information to farmers on the critical parameters viz., weather, market prices, plant protection, input dealers (seed, pesticide, fertiliser), farm machinery, soil health card, cold storages & godowns, veterinary centres, and diagnostic labs.

ICAR developed 187 mobile apps for farm and farmer-related services during 2014-21.
These ICAR apps are now integrated into one common platform called KISAAN.

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research implements the KVKs scheme in different states.
It supports farmers in adopting innovative farming techniques developed by National Agricultural Research Systems.

AgriStack is a collection of digital databases and technologies for farmers.
It is a ‘Unified Farmer Service Interface’.

UFSP combines core infrastructure, data, applications, and tools that enable seamless interoperability of various public and private IT systems in the agriculture ecosystem.
It is envisaged to act as a central agency in the agri ecosystem (like UPI in the e-payments).

Technological barriers: These include high technology costs, lack of infrastructure access, and maintenance and support issues.
Human and social factors: These include poor digital literacy and awareness, resistance to change, land fragmentation, and social inequality.
Economic and policy Issues: These include the lack of financial incentives, policy and regulatory gaps, and market constraints (like limited access to markets and fair pricing mechanisms).
Environmental challenges: These include climate change and E-waste management.

Proper government intervention: Providing financial subsidies, promoting rural infrastructure development, and offering training programmes for digital literacy and smart farming skills.
Private sector collaboration: Affordable technology solutions, financing models, and partnerships with local communities can drive innovation and accessibility.
Community-based initiatives: Farmer networks, knowledge-sharing platforms, and peer-to-peer learning can address concerns about adoption and use.
Education and awareness campaigns

SMAM was launched in 2014-15 to increase the reach of farm mechanisation to small and marginal farmers and to the regions & difficult areas where farm power availability is low.
Under the scheme, priority is given to female farmers.
Activities undertaken under SMAM:
- Provide financial assistance to farmers to purchase agricultural machinery
- Promote 'Custom Hiring Centres' (CHCs) and 'Hi-tech Hubs of High-Value Machines' to address the challenges of small landholdings and high machinery costs
- Conducting training programmes for farmers on agricultural machinery.
- Testing and certifying agricultural machinery

AIF mobilises medium to long-term debt finances for viable post-harvest management infrastructure and community farming assets.
Financial assistance is provided digitally as interest subsidies and credit guarantees.

“Innovation and Agri-Entrepreneurship Development” has been launched under RKVY-RAFTAAR.
Under it, financial support is provided to start-ups and the incubation ecosystem is nurtured.

Under PM Krishi Sinchayee Yojana, Per Drop More Crop (PDMC) is being implemented to enhance farm water use efficiency through Micro Irrigation.
Microirrigation helps save water and reduce fertiliser usage, labour expenses, and other input costs.