India-Russia Relations: Convergences & Divergences

• India and Russia mark 25 years of Strategic Partnership and continue expanding cooperation across defence, energy, trade, connectivity, and multilateral platforms.

India-Russia Relations: Evolution

• Planned Economy (1950s–60s): India adopted Soviet Five-Year Plans, with USSR building Bhilai (1955) and Bokaro steel plants to drive heavy industrialisation.
• Treaty Alliance (1971): The Indo-Soviet Treaty ensured military support and repeated Soviet UNSC vetoes during the Bangladesh War.
• Post-Soviet Shift (1991): USSR’s collapse weakened Russia, pushing India to diversify Westward while retaining ties via the Intergovernmental Commission.
• Strategic Partnership (2000): The India-Russia Strategic Partnership institutionalised cooperation in defence, nuclear energy, space, and S&T.
• Privileged Status (2010): Relations were elevated to a “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership,” deepening defence co-production and energy ties.
• 2+2 Dialogue (2021): The Foreign and Defence Ministers’ 2+2 Dialogue reaffirmed strategic coordination amid shifting global alignments.

High-Level Political Engagements in 2024-25

• Twenty-two annual summits have been held to date, with the 23rd India-Russia Annual Summit held recently (Dec 2025).
• The leaders met multiple times in 2024-25 at BRICS, SCO and other multilateral platforms.
• India’s External Affairs Minister’s (EAM) visit in August 2025 pushed for faster progress toward $100 billion in bilateral trade by 2030, the establishment of two new Indian Consulates (Kazan and Yekaterinburg), and the India-EAEU Free Trade Agreement.
• India reaffirmed diplomacy-led solutions on Ukraine and raised concerns regarding Indians in the Russian military service.

Significance of Russia

• Strategic Autonomy: Russia is key to India’s multi-alignment doctrine.
• Energy Security: Russia is India’s top crude & fertilizer supplier (FY24–25: $63.8 bn imports).
• Defence Backbone:Approximately 65% of the Indian arsenal Russian origin.
• Reformed Multilateralism: Consistent Russian backing for India’s UNSC bid.
• Eurasian Connectivity: Integration through International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), Chennai–Vladivostok Corridor (Eastern Maritime Corridor), Northern Sea Route.

Economic Cooperation

• IRIGC-TEC (India-Russia Inter-Governmental Commission on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological and Cultural Cooperation) continues to shape economic cooperation.
• Bilateral trade reached a record $68.7 billion in FY 2024-25, led by energy imports and exports of pharmaceuticals, chemicals, and steel.
• Both sides are working towards $100 billion annual trade target by 2030, $50 billion in mutual investments by 2025
• Priority areas include payment mechanism stability, removal of non-tariff barriers, faster logistics and multimodal connectivity.
• Key connectivity initiatives:
  • International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)
  • Chennai-Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor
  • Northern Sea Route linked to Arctic access.

Defence and Military-Technical Cooperation

• Defence has remained the backbone of the partnership for decades.
• The military-technical cooperation agreement (2021-2031) emphasises joint R&D, co-production, after-sales support and spares.
• Major joint platforms include Su-30 MKI production, T-90S tanks, BrahMos cruise missiles, and AK-203 assault rifles under Make in India.
• INS Tushil and INS Tamal (advanced, Russian-built stealth frigates for the Indian Navy) reflect ongoing maritime collaboration.
• INDRA-2025 exercises across the Army, Navy, and Air Force demonstrate continued interoperability.

Cultural Diplomacy and Soft Power

• Historical exchanges predate Indian independence, with cinema and yoga promoting a strong cultural affinity.
• Major cultural events in 2025 were Bharat Utsav in Moscow with 8.5 lakh visitors, Indian Film Festival across five Russian cities, Participation in the World Audio Visual Summit and the Book Fair.
• Multilateral Cooperation:
  • Close coordination at the UN, G20, SCO, and BRICS.
  • Russia supports India’s bid for a permanent seat on the UNSC.
  • India takes the BRICS Chairship in 2026.

Challenges in India-Russia Relations

• Strategic Autonomy: India adopted “strategic silence” on the Ukraine war, balancing Western pressure with continued Russian oil imports (35%+ of crude in 2023–24).
• Trilateral Drift: Growing Russia–China–Pakistan coordination via SCO/BRICS and exercises like Druzhba-VI, dilutes India’s traditional strategic primacy in Moscow’s South Asia calculus.
• Quad Dissonance: Russia supports India’s Indo-Pacific vision but criticises the Quad as an “anti-China construct,” complicating India’s alignment choices.
• Economic Frictions: Bilateral trade shows a $58.9 bn deficit, with the INSTC and Vladivostok corridor underdeveloped and banking constrained post-SWIFT exclusion.
• Defence Diversification: SIPRI notes Russian arms share fell from 76% (2009–13) to 36% (2019–23) as India sources from France, the US, and Israel amid S-400 delays.

Way Forward

• Strategic Autonomy: Sustain balanced engagement with both Russia and the West through a calibrated multi-alignment strategy.
• Trade Diversification: Expand Indian exports in pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and engineering goods to correct the trade imbalance.
• Payment Stability: Institutionalise rupee–ruble settlement or develop a secure digital payment corridor to bypass sanction-related disruptions.
• Defence Co-development: Strengthen joint R&D and production (BrahMos-II, naval propulsion) aligned with Make in India.
• Connectivity Acceleration: Fast-track INSTC and the Chennai–Vladivostok corridor to enhance Eurasian market access.

India-Russia ties continue to anchor India’s strategic autonomy, strengthening defence, energy, & trade cooperation. As PM Modi said, “Strong partnerships are the backbone of India’s national interest & global role.”

UPSC Mains PYQs – India-Russia Relations

1. [UPSC 2020 15M] What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region.

Reference: PIB

PMF IAS Pathfinder for Mains – Question 463

Q. Critically evaluate how defence ties and energy cooperation shape contemporary India–Russia relations amid shifting global and regional power structures. (250 Words) (15 Marks)

Approach

• Introduction: Write a brief introduction about the India–Russia ties.
• Body: Evaluate defence ties and energy cooperation shape contemporary India–Russia relations, also mention challenges, and the way forward.
• Conclusion: Focus on cooperation and coordination, and also mentions the future course of action.