Tabla: Evolution & Its Gharanas

• Context (IE): The demise of Ustad Zakir Hussain reignites discussions on the tabla’s origins and evolution in Hindustani classical music.

  

  Source: TH

About Tabla

• Structure: Comprises two drums- dayan (right-hand drum, wood) and bayan (left-hand drum, metal).
• Tuning: Dayan is tuned to the tonic note of the melody.
• Material: Membranes consist of goat skin with ‘syahi’ (black paste) for tonal quality.
• Playing Technique: Utilizes intricate finger and palm movements for complex rhythmic patterns.

Origins and Evolution of Tabla

• Etymology: The word ‘tabla’ derives from the Arabic word ‘tabl,’ meaning drum.
• Introduction Period: Originated around 250 years ago, as per Ustad Zakir Hussain. Not mentioned in Ain-i-Akbari (16th-century record by Abul Fazl), indicating its later emergence. Likely introduced during Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah Rangeela (1719–1748).

• First Innovator: Siddhar Khan Dhadhi transformed the wrist-and-fingers technique of pakhawaj playing into the tabla technique.

Connection with Classical Music

• Predecessor Instrument: The pakhawaj, used in the dhrupad genre.
• Transition to Khayal: Fusion of temple traditions with Sufi qawwali by 14th-century saint Amir Khusrau replaced drupad with Khayal for its improvisational nature.
• Role in Post-Dhrupad Era: Needed as a percussion partner for the evolving, softer & agile Hindustani music. Tabla is integral to khayal, thumri, ghazal, and instrumental performances.

Gharanas of Tabla

• Delhi Gharana: Known for clarity and simple compositions.
• Punjab Gharana: Mathematical complexity & intricate beats; has sub-gharanas like Talwandi & Naiwala.
• Lucknow Gharana: Expressive and melodious playing style.
• Banaras (Purab) Gharana: Rhythms suitable for Kathak dance; Heavily influenced by the pakhawaj.
• Farrukhabad Gharana: Versatile and balanced approach.
• Ajrara Gharana: Combination of Delhi and Lucknow styles.

Major Contributors to Tabla’s Popularity

• Historical Contributors: Ustad Alla Rakha, Pandit Kishan Maharaj, Ustad Ahmed Jan Khan ‘Thirakwa,’ and Pandit Anokhelal Mishra.
• Modern Icon: Zakir Hussain and Ustad Shafaat Ahmed Khan popularised tabla globally as both an accompanying and solo instrument.
• Collaboration with Pandit Ravi Shankar brought global recognition.