Skill Development in India

Table of contents

Skill development is a structured and continuous process of identifying, acquiring, enhancing, and applying relevant skills to improve individual competence, productivity, and adaptability in personal, professional, and societal domains.
It focuses on bridging skill gaps through education, training, and innovation to meet the evolving demands of the workforce, economy, and individual aspirations, thereby contributing to inclusive growth and sustainable development.

Skill Development in India: Need

Structural Transformation of the Economy: With agriculture’s share declining to 17% of GDP, manufacturing and services sectors require skilled workers to sustain growth.
Employment Generation and Quality Jobs: Over 90% of the workforce remains in the informal sector due to skill gaps, limiting access to quality jobs. Only 48% of youth are employable due to inadequate training (India Skills Report 2023).
Harnessing the Demographic Dividend: With 65% of India’s population under 35, failure to skill the youth could turn the demographic dividend into a disaster. E.g., Skill India Mission aims to train youth and enhance their employability.
Industry-Skill Mismatch: Only 5.4% of India’s workforce has formal training compared to Germany (75%) and Japan (80%), causing unemployment despite job availability. E.g., despite contributing 2% to GDP, the textile industry faces labour shortages due to a lack of skills.
Foundation for National Initiatives: Programs like Make in India, Digital India, and Startup India rely on a skilled workforce to achieve their objectives. E.g., The National Infrastructure Pipeline (₹111 lakh crore) demands trained professionals for successful execution.
Achieving the $5 Trillion Economy Goal: Moving to a technology-driven economy requires skilled labour to boost productivity and innovation. The services sector, contributing 55% to GDP, requires advanced skills in AI and robotics.
Changing Nature of Jobs: Emerging fields like AI, e-commerce, and the gig economy require workers with new-age skills. E.g., Platforms like Swiggy and Ola have transformed employment opportunities, requiring tech-savvy workers.
Slowdown in China: Rising Chinese wages and an aging population provide India a chance to become the factory of the world with skilled labour.
Addressing Rising Unemployment: India’s unemployment rate is around 7-8%, worsened by low employability and outdated skill sets. E.g., Programs like PMKVY address this by providing industry-relevant training.
Supply and Demand Imbalance: A lack of vocational training has created a mismatch, with 76% of graduates lacking employable skills (India Skills Report 2022).
Workforce Productivity and Skill Shortage: Despite job creation, a shortage of skilled labour reduces productivity. E.g., The IT-BPM sector struggles to hire talent proficient in AI, cloud computing, & analytics.

Key Issues and Challenges in Skill Development

Limited Skilling Capacity: India’s skilling capacity is insufficient, with less than 7 million people trained annually, while 12 million enter the workforce each year, leading to a significant skills gap.
Low Employability of Graduates: Despite completing formal education, only 50% of graduates are employable due to a lack of industry-specific skills, as reported in the India Skills Report 2023.
Fragmented and Uncoordinated Ecosystem: The skill development ecosystem is fragmented, with various ministries running different schemes, causing poor coordination and inefficient use of resources.
Subpar Training Quality: The proliferation of ITIs without quality control has led to substandard training. For instance, under PM Kaushal Vikas Yojana, only 21% of trained individuals secured employment.
Inadequate Industry Participation: Only 16% of firms offer in-house training, far below the 80% seen in China, and there is limited collaboration on course development and apprenticeship programs.
Underutilisation of Funds: Despite budget allocations for skill development, funds have remained underutilized in recent years, pointing to inefficiencies in implementation.
Rapid Technological Changes: The fast-paced evolution of technology requires constant reskilling and specialized training, complicating efforts to predict future workforce needs.
Social Stigma Towards Vocational Education: Vocational education is perceived as secondary to traditional academic education, leading to low participation, with only 3% of senior secondary students opting for vocational courses.

Key Initiatives for Skill Development in India

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): Launched in 2015, this flagship scheme offers free skill training, certification, and monetary rewards to enhance employability and industry integration for youth across India.
Targeted Skill Development Programs:
- Minorities: Schemes like Seekho aur Kamao, USTTAD, and Nai Manzil focus on equipping minorities with marketable skills to improve their livelihood opportunities.
- Tribals: The Van Dhan Internship Programme provides skill training to tribal youth, promoting sustainable livelihoods.
- Environment & Forestry: The Green Skill Development Programme (GSDP) addresses the need for skilled workers in green sectors such as waste management and conservation.
- Textile Sector: The SAMARTH initiative aims to build capacity and provide placement-oriented skill development opportunities in the textile industry.
Apprenticeship and Industry Partnerships: The National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme (NAPS), was launched to incentivise employers to hire apprentices by offering financial support, thus fostering a robust apprenticeship system in India.
Digital Skill Development Initiatives:
- Google’s ‘Internet Saathi’: Trains rural women on internet usage, enhancing their digital literacy.
- Microsoft’s YouthSpark: Focuses on developing digital skills among marginalised women and unemployed youth.
- Future Skill PRIME: Provides reskilling opportunities in emerging IT sectors through an “aggregator of aggregators” platform, focusing on cutting-edge technologies.

Skill Development Platforms and Institutions

Jan Shikshan Sansthan (JSS): Targets non-literate, neo-literate, and school dropouts, providing vocational training that enhances employability.
Global Skills Park: Offers advanced, job-ready skills training aligned with international standards, particularly in emerging sectors.
eSkill India: A multilingual platform providing accessible online courses in various sectors to skilling India’s youth.

Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendras (PMKK): As part of the Skill India Mission, PMKKs are established across districts to deliver high-quality, industry-driven training programs with a focus on improving employability.
Craftsmen and Advanced Vocational Training Schemes:
- Craftsmen Training Scheme (CTS): Focuses on equipping individuals with technical skills to meet the growing demand in various industries.
- Advanced Vocational Training Scheme (AVTS): Provides short-term, tailor-made courses to upskill workers in specific areas according to industry needs.
Flexi-MoU Scheme: Facilitates industries to design customised training programs suited to their specific requirements, ensuring alignment with market demand and technology, exemplified by partnerships like Maruti Suzuki.
Pre-Departure Orientation Training (PDOT): Helps potential migrant workers prepare for international employment by providing cultural orientation, language skills, and information on welfare measures in destination countries.
Vocational Training for Women: Offers skill training opportunities under CTS and CITS, focusing on industrial and instructor roles, along with demand-driven short-term courses, promoting gender-inclusive skilling.

Way Forward

Integration of Education and Skill Development: Align education with industry needs by integrating vocational training and creating industry-relevant curricula.
Performance Indicators for NSDC: Set measurable outcomes for NSDC to improve accountability and effectiveness in skill programs.
Continuous Skilling and Reskilling: Focus on reskilling and upskilling to adapt to technological advancements. For instance, Indian Institutes of Skills offer specialized training in high-demand fields.
Focus on Transferable Skills: Ensure skill training includes transferable skills that are applicable across various industries.
Mobile Training Initiatives: Use mobile units like Skills on Wheels to provide training in rural and remote areas, addressing infrastructure challenges.
Public-Private Partnerships (PPP): Strengthen PPP models to reduce industry-skill mismatches, like Facebook’s digital skills training for rural youth.
Skilling Rural India: Focus on skill development in agriculture and related sectors, linked to market access and financial support for rural populations.
Inclusive Skilling: Target vulnerable groups (women, SC/ST, PwDs) and promote traditional skills (e.g., performing arts, handicrafts).
Local Self-Government (LSG) Engagement: Involve local governments in identifying local skill needs and aligning training programs accordingly.
Centralised Digital Platform: Develop an AI-powered platform like ASEEM to bridge the demand-supply gap in the labour market by providing real-time data on job opportunities and required skills.

Reference: Business Standard

UPSC Mains PYQs – Theme – Skill Development

“Success of ‘Make in India’ programme depends on the success of ‘Skill India’ programme and radical labour reforms.” Discuss with logical arguments. (2015)
“Demographic Dividend in India will remain only theoretical unless our manpower becomes more educated, aware, skilled and creative.” What measures have been taken by the government to enhance the capacity of our population to be more productive and employable? (2016)
“‘Earn while you learn’ scheme needs to be strengthened to make vocational education and skill training meaningful.” Comment. (2021)

PMF IAS Pathfinder for Mains – Question 16

Q. India’s skill development initiatives are crucial for addressing employment challenges and economic transformation. Critically examine the effectiveness of current skill development programs in India and suggest measures to enhance their impact. (250 Words) (15 Marks)

Approach

Introduction: Write a brief introduction about India’s skill development and its relevance.
Body: In the body, discuss the potential & challenges in skill development programs.
Conclusion: Write a way forward and conclude appropriately.