Rajya Sabha

Context (IE): Election Commission announces Bypolls to six vacant Rajya Sabha seats in 4 states

About Rajya Sabha

Rajya Sabha is also known by several names:
1. Council of states.
2. Upper House.
3. House of elders.
4. Red Carpet House.
This house has an altogether different composition and method of election from that of the directly elected House of the People.
Apart from the elected members, the President also nominates members to the house.
RS MPs are elected by the elected members of Assemblies of the States and UTs (Delhi, Puducherry and Jammu and Kashmir).
The RS meets in continuous sessions and, unlike the LS, is not subjected to dissolution. However, the RS, like the LS, can be prorogued by the President.
The Vice-President is the ex-officio chairperson of the Rajya Sabha.
- The Deputy Chairman, who is elected from amongst the house’s members, takes care of the day-to-day matters of the house in the absence of the Chairman.

Lok Sabha carpet is green in colour, which represents that India is an agricultural land and the people here are elected from the grassroots level.
The Rajya Sabha carpet is red, which denotes royalty and also tells about the sacrifices made by the freedom fighters.
Other Interpretation: It means if the LS shows a green Flag to any Faulty Legislation, RS show the red signal.

Debate In Constituent Assembly

A single directly elected House was considered inadequate to meet the challenges before free India by the Constituent Assembly (CA).
A second chamber, known as the ‘Council of States’, therefore, was created.

Need of Second Chamber

Dr Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Parliament is not only a legislative body but also a deliberative one that enables the members to debate significant issues of public importance.
N Gopalaswami Ayenger: To delay Legislation, which might be the outcome of passions of the moment.
M. Ananthasayanam Ayyangar: It would enable the genius of the people to have full play besides checking hasty legislation.
CA felt that Rajya Sabha should have members who might not win elections but will bring knowledge and expertise to discussions in the RS.

Opponents of the Second Chamber

Mohd Tahir: It is a creation of Imperialism.
Professor Sibban Lal Saksena: It will be a clog in the wheel of Progress of the nation.

Composition of Rajya Sabha

Article 80 of the IC lays down Provisions for members of the RS.
As per the constitutional limit, the RS strength cannot exceed 250 (238 elected and 12 nominated).
- Currently, it has 245 members (233 elected members and 12 nominated).
- The members nominated by the President are persons having special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service.

Allocation of Seats to Rajya Sabha

The Fourth Schedule to the IC provides for allocation of seats to the States and UTs in Rajya Sabha.
The allocation of seats is made on the basis of the population of each State.

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Process of Rajya Sabha Election

RS MPs are indirectly elected by the people of the country but directly elected by the MLAs of LAs of states and UTs.
The elected members of the LA of that State and UT elect the representatives of each State and three Union territories.
Elections are done in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote.
Elections to 1/3rd of these seats occur every two years.
The polls for Rajya Sabha will be required only if the number of candidates exceeds the number of vacancies.
- Till 1998, the outcome of RS elections was usually a foregone conclusion; the candidates nominated by various parties, according to their strength in the LA, used to be elected unopposed.

Measures to stop Cross-Voting in LAs

The ‘Open ballot’ system was adopted to prevent corruption.
In the Representation of the People (Amendment) Act, 2003, the following sections were amended to provide for an open ballot system for elections to the Rajya Sabha.
1. Sections 59 (manner of voting at elections),
2. Section 94 (secrecy of voting not to be infringed) and
3. Section 128(1) (maintenance of secrecy of voting)
Rule 39AA was also accordingly inserted into the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961 by a notification.

Rule 39AA

When an elector records their vote on a ballot paper, they must allow the authorised agent of that party to verify as to whom such an elector has cast their vote.
If the elector refuses to show the marked ballot paper to the authorised agent, the ballot paper has to be taken back by the presiding officer or polling officer.
Rule 39AA is silent on who would be the authorised representative for a rebel MLA.

Not showing the ballot paper to the authorised agent or showing it to anyone else will disqualify the vote.
Independent MLAs are barred from showing their ballots to anyone.

SC on ‘Open’ ballot process

The ‘Open’ ballot process was challenged in SC by Kuldip Nayar, who alleged that it was unconstitutional and violative of the statutory right to vote.
In 2006, a five-judge bench led by then CJI Y K Sabharwal unanimously upheld the constitutional validity of the ‘open ballot’ system and said: “If secrecy becomes a source for corruption, then sunlight and transparency can remove it.”
The SC rejected the petition filed by Lok Prahari challenging the 2003 amendment.
- The open ballot system does not violate the concept of free and fair elections and does not take away the right to vote.
- It only regulates the right so as to eliminate the evil of cross-voting by an elector who has been elected to the assembly of a particular state on the basis of a party nomination.
- Open ballot does not mean open for one and all.
- The concept of “constituency-based representation” in a general election is distinct from “proportional representation”, which is the case with the Rajya Sabha.
- In the case of ‘proportional representation‘, voters are subject to party discipline.

Secret Ballot: A voter casts their vote secretly in an enclosure so that no other person comes to know of the choice they have made. It is known as a secret ballot.
- The president is elected according to the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote, and the voting is by secret ballot.

Qualifications and Disqualification Criteria of Rajya Sabha Members

Qualifications as per Art 84 of the IC

Ought to be a citizen of India.
Ought to be of 30 years older.
Ought to have such qualifications as mandated on this behalf by any Law enacted by Parliament.

Qualifications needed by law enacted by the Parliament

Alternative qualifications for the members within the Representation of People Act 1951.
1. Only a Citizen of India who is an elector is eligible.

Disqualifications

These disqualifications are prescribed in Article 102 of the IC-
1. If the candidate holds an office of profit under the GOI or any state government.
2. Is of unsound mind as declared by the Court of law.
3. Is undischarged insolvent.
4. Has ceased to be a national of the Republic of India.
5. Has attracted the other disqualification as per the other law of parliament.
The last condition has led Parliament to incorporate some other conditions as per the Representation of People Act 1951 unit mentioned below-
1. Should not be guilty of any offence related to elections or must not have indulged in any corrupt practices.
2. Should not have undergone any imprisonment for any offence for two or more years.
3. Should not have failed to submit an account of the election.
4. Should not be an interested party in Government contracts, works, or services.
5. Should not be a director or key manager person in a company in which GoI holds 25% share.
6. Should not have faced dismissal while being in government service on charges of corruption or unfaithfulness.
7. Should not have been found guilty of promoting hate among teams
8. Should not be found guilty of any crime associated with society, like the promotion of untouchability.
9. If he voluntarily gives up the membership of their party

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Tenure of members

Every RS MP has a tenure of 6 years, and elections to one-third of the seats are held every two years.
According to Section 154 of the RPA, 1951, a member who has chosen to fill a casual vacancy will serve for the remainder of his predecessor’s term of office.

Domiciliary Requirements (DR)

DR are the conditions that require a person to be a resident or an elector of a particular state or territory in order to be eligible for membership in a representative body.
In 2003, the Parliament passed an amendment to Section 3 of the RPA, 1951, which scrapped the domicile requirement for Rajya Sabha members.
This meant that a person could be elected to the RS from any state or UT, irrespective of their residence or electoral status in that state or territory.
In the Kuldip Nayar v. Union of India Case, the Supreme Court upheld the amendment.
- It held that there was no constitutional requirement for a RS member to be either an elector or an ordinary resident of the state or territory that they represent.

The Argument against considering DR for RS Elections

DR may compromise the national focus of the RS, which is designed to address issues at the national level.
DR may limit the candidate pool, potentially excluding individuals with valuable expertise from outside the state.
It might encourage local-centric politics, detracting from the Rajya Sabha’s intended role as a representative of the entire nation.

The Argument in favour of considering DR for RS Elections

The removal of the DR dilutes the federal character of India, as it weakens the link between the RS members and the states and UTs that they represent.
The removal of the DR leads to the misuse and manipulation of the RS elections-
- It enables the political parties to bypass the anti-defection law, indulge in defection and cross-voting, and
- Nominate outsiders and defectors who have no stake or connection with the state or territory that they are elected from.
The amendment undermines the principle of federalism, as it erodes the autonomy and identity of the states and UTs.