Global Multidimensional Poverty Index is a measure of multidimensional poverty covering 107 developingcountries.
It was first developed in 2010 by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) and United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) for UNDP’s Human Development Reports.
Global MPI uses three dimensions and ten indicators.
All indicators are equally weighted within each dimension.
The MPI ranges from 0 to 1, and higher values imply higher poverty.
Global MPI complements the international $2.15 a day poverty rate devised by World Bank.
Data used for Global MPI
For India, GMPI uses the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data.
NFHS is conducted under the aegis of Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS).
Nodal agency in India
NITI Aayog is the nodal agency responsible for monitoring mechanism of the Global MPI in India.
As the Nodal agency for the MPI, NITI Aayog has constituted a Multidimensional Poverty Index Coordination Committee (MPICC).
2023 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI)
1.1 billion out of 6.1 billion(~18%) live in acute multidimensional poverty across 110 countries.
25 countries, including India, successfully halved their global MPI values within 15 years.
Findings related to India
Deprivation in all indicators declined in India.
People who are multidimensionally poor and deprived under the nutrition indicator in India declined from 44.3% in 2005-06 to 11.8% in 2019-21.
A total of 415 million people moved out of poverty in India within 15 years (2005-06 to 2019-21).
National Multidimensional Poverty Index (National MPI)
It is published by NITI Aayog using the methodology in consonance with the global methodology.
Like the global MPI, India’s national MPI hasthree equally weighted dimensions – Health, Education, and Standard of living – represented by twelve indicators.
The national MPI model retains the ten indicators of the global MPI model.
It also adds two indicators, viz., Maternal Health and Bank Accounts, in line with national priorities.
National MPI, 2023
It is the second edition of the National MPI.
It is prepared based on the latest National Family Heath Survey of 2019-21.
It represents India’s progress in reducing multidimensional poverty between the two surveys, NFHS-4 (2015-16) and NFHS-5 (2019-21).
Highlights of the report
Nearly 13.5 crore people came out of multidimensional poverty in five years.
Uttar Pradesh registered the largest decline in the number of poor, with 3.43 crore people escaping multidimensional poverty.
India registered a steep decline in the number of multidimensionally poor from 24.85% to 14.96% between 2015-16 and 2019-21.
Between 2015-16 and 2019-21, the MPI value has nearly halved from 0.117 to 0.066 and the intensity of poverty has reduced from 47% to 44%.
India is on the path of achieving the SDG Target 1.2 (of reducing multidimensional poverty by at least half) much ahead of the stipulated timeline of 2030.
Percentage of the total population who are multidimensionally poor
The most rapid reduction in the proportion of multidimensionally poor individuals occurred in districts located within the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
How is Poverty calculated?
Poverty is calculated based either on income levels or on expenditure levels.
The international poverty line (set by World Bank), which is currently $2.15 per person per day, is the threshold that determines whether someone is living in poverty.
India has not declared its poverty figures since 2011, measured based on consumer expenditure surveys by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO).
Initiatives undertaken to reduce Multi-dimensional poverty in India
Initiatives like Poshan Abhiyan and Anemia Mukt Bharathave significantly enhanced access to healthcare facilities, leading to a substantial decrease in deprivation.
