Current Affairs – June 23-24, 2024

{GS2 – IR – US-China} The Resolve Tibet Act

Context (IE): The United States Congress passed the Resolve Tibet Act, aiming to counter Chinese disinformation and promote dialogue for the resolution of the Tibet-China dispute.

Resolve Tibet Act

The Resolve Tibet Act is the third major piece of U.S. legislation on Tibet, succeeding the Tibetan Policy Act (TPA) of 2002 and the Tibetan Policy and Support Act (TPSA) of 2020.
Unlike its predecessors, the Resolve Tibet Act explicitly challenges China’s historical claims over Tibet and emphasises Tibetan self-determination and human rights.

Key Provisions

Countering Disinformation: The Act authorises the use of funds to counter Chinese disinformation about Tibet’s history, people, and institutions, including the Dalai Lama.
Promotion of Dialogue: It urges China to engage in direct, meaningful dialogue with the Dalai Lama or his representatives and elected Tibetan leaders without preconditions, aiming for a settlement.
Human Rights and Self-Determination: The Act underscores Tibetans’ right to self-determination and human rights and China’s obligations under international covenants.
- For example: International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
Cultural Preservation: It seeks to recognise and address Tibetans’ unique socio-cultural identity, including their historical, cultural, religious, and linguistic distinctiveness.
Geographical Definition: The Act amends the TPA to define the geographical areas comprising the Tibetan Autonomous Region clearly.

Differences from Previous Legislation

Tibetan Policy Act (TPA) of 2002: The TPA was cautious, recognising China’s claim over Tibet and encouraging dialogue without challenging China’s territorial assertions.
- It maintained that the Dalai Lama sought greater autonomy rather than independence.
Tibetan Policy and Support Act (TPSA) of 2020: The TPSA pushed for dialogue without preconditions, emphasised Tibetan self-determination and encouraged international support for negotiations.
Resolve Tibet Act of 2024: Unlike the TPA and TPSA, this Act directly challenges China’s historical claims over Tibet, promoting unconditioned dialogue.

Implications for India

Geopolitical Dynamics: The Act could influence India’s diplomatic relations with both China and the United States, necessitating a strategic balancing act.
Support for Tibetan Refugees: India has a significant Tibetan refugee population, and the Act could affect international support and resources for these communities.
Strategic Interests: India’s border security and regional stability could be impacted by the changing geopolitical landscape driven by this legislative measure.

{GS2 – IR – Bangladesh} India and Bangladesh relations **

Context (IE): Both countries released a “futuristic vision” of the economy, trade, and strategic ties.

Key highlights

Both pledged to start negotiations on a comprehensive economic partnership agreement (CEPA).
Decided to launch a medical e-visa facility for Bangladesh citizens.
Agreed to send a technical team to discuss Teesta River water-sharing.
And announced the opening of an Assistant High Commission in Rangpur.

India-Bangladesh Relations

Economic relation

Bangladesh is India’s biggest trade partner in South Asia and India is the second biggest trade partner of Bangladesh in Asia.
India is Bangladesh’s largest export destination in Asia, with approximately $2 billion of Bangladeshi exports to India in FY 2022-23.
In 2022, both nations concluded a joint feasibility study on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).

Strategic relation

Participation in multilateral forums such as:
1. SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation),
2. BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation),
3. Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA).
Defence and Security:
- Joint Exercises: Army (Exercise Sampriti) and Navy (Exercise Bongo Sagar).
- Counterterrorism and Counter-Radicalisation initiatives
Other Services:
- E-Medical Visa Facility: India introduced e-medical visas for Bangladesh citizens.
- 350 training slots for Bangladeshi police officers and the Muktijoddha Scheme for medical patients.

Challenges

Sharing of river waters of Ganga and Brahmaputra.
Indian Government is not happy with Bangladesh’s refusal to act on unlawful immigration to India.
Bangladesh’s support to anti-Indian Islamic fundamentalist groups.

Way forward

Enhanced Regional Stability: Cooperation on the Rohingya crisis and counterterrorism.
Accelerating the India- Bangladesh friendship pipeline project.
Balancing China’s regional influences
Economic and Connectivity Enhancements: Initiatives in commerce, transportation, and medical visas to boost bilateral cooperation.

{GS3 – S&T – AI} Regulations and growth of AI in India **

Context (TH): Experts say that Stringent regulations could hinder the growth of AI in India.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

AI is a branch of computer science that deals with the creation of intelligent machines that can perform tasks that normally require human intelligence, such as decision-making, problem-solving, learning, and communication.
It’s an interdisciplinary field that incorporates knowledge from various areas of study, such as statistics, mathematics, information engineering, neuroscience, cybernetics, economics, and many others.

Initiatives in AI field by India

Industry analysts predict that AI could add a whopping $957 billion to India’s economy by 2035.
Government of India launched various initiatives and programs, like:
- National Digital Communications Policy.
- Digital Personal Data Protection Act.
- Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI)
- India’s National Strategy for Artificial Intelligence, also known as #AIForAll, aims to use AI to enhance the country’s progress in diverse fields.
- NITI Aayog released Principles for Responsible AI in 2021, which addresses the various ethical implications of AI solutions and provides guidelines for the adoption and implementation of AI in India.

Challenges

Concerns have grown around deepfake technology, as it can produce highly realistic fake videos that may be misused to spread misinformation, create fake news, or generate false narratives.
Concerns on privacy and security of data.

{GS3 – IE – Taxes} Removal of GST on Railway services

Context: (TH): Goods and Services Tax (GST) Council approved measures to ease compliance for small businesses, exempted hostel accommodation worth up to ₹20,000 a month and railway services.

GST Council

GST Council is a constitutional body established under Article 279A.
It is responsible for making recommendations to the Union and State govts on issues related to GST.
The Council consists of the Union Finance Minister (as Chairperson), the Union Minister of State for Finance, and the Finance Ministers of all the states and Union territories with legislatures
Decisions in the GST Council are made by a majority of not less than three-fourths of the weighted votes of the members present and voting.
The Central Government’s vote has a weightage of one-third, while the votes of all the State Governments combined have a weightage of two-thirds.
The primary role of the GST Council is to make recommendations on:
- The taxes, cesses, and surcharges that may be subsumed under GST.
- The goods and services that may be subjected to or exempted from GST.
- Model GST laws, principles of levy, apportionment of IGST & principles governing the place of supply.
- The rates, including floor rates with bands of GST.
- Any special rate for a specified period to raise additional resources during a natural calamity/disaster.
- Special provisions with respect to the North-East States, J&K, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttarakhand.

Exemptions under GST

Services Exempted Under GST:
- Healthcare Services: Services provided by clinics, hospitals, and nursing homes.
- Educational Services: Services provided by educational institutions up to higher secondary or equivalent and approved vocational education courses.
- Government Services: Services provided by the Central Government, State Government, or local authority except for some specific services such as speed post, life insurance, and services provided to business entities.
- Religious Services: Services by a person by way of conduct of any religious ceremony.
- Charitable Services: Services by an entity registered under Section 12AA of the Income-tax Act, 1961, by way of charitable activities.
- Agricultural Services: Services related to the cultivation of plants and rearing of animals.
- Public Transportation: Services of transportation of passengers by non-air-conditioned railways or metro, transport by road except for radio-taxi, motorcab, maxicab, and motorcycle.
- Financial Services: Services provided by banks such as savings bank accounts and loan services.
- Cultural and Sports Services: Services provided by recognised sports bodies, cultural activities, and admission to events organised by recognised bodies.
- Housing Services: Renting of residential dwelling for use as a residence.
Goods Exempted Under GST:
- Agricultural Products: Fresh fruits, vegetables, milk, eggs, and meat (not frozen), grains, and pulses.
- Education Material: Books and printed material.
- Healthcare Products: Human blood and its derivatives, contraceptives.
- Basic Food Items: Fresh meat, fish, chicken, mutton, pork, cereals, bread, etc.
- Cultural and Religious Items: Items used in puja (worship) like idols, bangles, and khadi products.
- Unprocessed Food: Items like fresh fruits and vegetables, unbranded atta, maida, besan, and paneer.
- Animal Feed: Livestock feed, poultry feed, and fish feed.
- Other Essential Goods: Handloom products, stamps, judicial papers, newspapers.
Recently, hostel accommodation worth up to ₹20,000 a month and railway services are also exempted.

What is GST?

GST is a comprehensive, multi-stage, destination-based tax that is levied on every value addition. It is a single indirect tax for the whole nation, which makes India one unified common market.

Key Features of GST

Comprehensive Tax: GST subsumes multiple indirect taxes like Central Excise Duty, Services Tax, Additional Customs Duty, and State-level Value Added Tax (VAT).
Multi-Stage Tax: GST is levied at each stage of the production process but is designed to be ultimately borne by the consumer.
Destination-Based Tax: GST is collected at the point of consumption. If goods are manufactured in one state and sold in another, the tax revenue goes to the state where the goods are consumed.
Value Addition: GST is charged on the value addition at each stage of production or service provision. The value addition is the increase in value of a product at each stage of production or service

Components of GST

Central Goods and Services Tax (CGST): Collected by the Central Government on an intra-state sale (e.g., a transaction happening within a state).
State Goods and Services Tax (SGST): Collected by the State Government on an intra-state sale.
Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST): Collected by the Central Government for inter-state sales (e.g., a transaction from one state to another).

Four-tier rate structure of GST

5%: Essential commodities and goods of mass consumption.
12%: Standard rate for certain goods and services.
18%: Standard rate for most goods and services.
28%: Luxury items and sin goods.

Benefits of GST

Elimination of Cascading Effect: GST eliminates the cascading effect of taxes, reducing the tax burden on consumers.
Increased Compliance: With a simplified and transparent tax system, compliance rates are expected to increase.
Uniform Tax Structure: GST creates a unified tax system across India, reducing the complexity of tax laws and increasing the ease of doing business.
Boost to Economy: By reducing the tax burden, GST increases consumption and economic growth.
Greater Transparency: It has a robust IT infrastructure that enhances transparency and accountability.

Challenges of GST

Implementation Issues: The transition to GST faced initial hurdles, including technical glitches in the GSTN portal and resistance from some business sectors.
Multiple Tax Rates: The multiple tax slabs complicate the tax structure, which can be cumbersome for businesses to manage.
Compliance Costs: Small businesses often find it challenging to comply with the complex GST rules, leading to increased operational costs.
Revenue Shortfall: Some states have experienced revenue shortfalls and have been dependent on compensation from the Central Government.

{Prelims – Sci – Bio – Diseases} Rotavirus Vaccine

Context (TH): The rotavirus vaccine is a critical component in the fight against rotavirus, a leading cause of severe diarrhoea among infants and young children.

Overview of Rotavirus

Rotavirus is a highly contagious virus that causes gastroenteritis, which can lead to severe diarrhoea, vomiting, fever, and abdominal pain.
Impact: It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age, particularly in developing countries.
Types of Vaccines:
1. RotaTeq (RV5): Pentavalent vaccine containing five strains of live attenuated human-bovine reassortant rotaviruses.
2. Rotarix (RV1): Monovalent vaccine that contains a single strain of live attenuated human rotavirus.
Administration:
- Schedule: Typically given in two or three doses, starting at 6 weeks of age, with subsequent doses given at 4–10 week intervals. The complete schedule should be finished by 8 months of age.
- Oral Delivery: Administered orally, making it easier to deliver compared to injectable vaccines.

Implementation in India

National Immunization Program: In 2016, India introduced the rotavirus vaccine into its Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) to reduce the burden of rotavirus-related morbidity and mortality.
Coverage and Accessibility: Efforts are ongoing to increase vaccine coverage, particularly in rural and underserved areas.

{Prelims – In News} Balon protein

Context (TH): A protein was discovered that allowed a bacterium, Psychrobacter urativorans, to abruptly shut down in unfavourable living conditions and ‘restart’ just as quickly when they improved.

It plays a critical role in the dormancy and reactivation mechanisms of the bacterium.
Unlike other proteins known to cause ribosome hibernation by covering them, Balon directly binds to the ribosomal active sites where amino acids are loaded, thereby halting protein production.

Significance

Understanding bacterial survival in extreme environments like the Arctic permafrost.
Understanding the behaviour of members of the Psychrobacter family that are known for spoiling refrigerated food due to their cold resilience.

{Prelims – In news} Encephalartos woodii

Context (TH): Encephalartos woodie is one of the oldest seed-bearing plants on Earth, with a lineage dating back over 250 million years, predating even the dinosaurs.

Also known as Wood’s Cycad, it is a rare cycad plant native to South Africa’s Ngoye Forest.
However, all known specimens are male, making natural reproduction impossible and leading to its extinction in the wild. Reproduction now relies on asexual methods like cloning.
It is critically endangered because there are no known female specimens.
The plant’s survival is threatened by its ‘loneliness’.