Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India has approved the creation of two specialised cadres within the Indian Audit and Accounts Department (IA&AD) – the Central Revenue Audit (CRA) and Central Expenditure Audit (CEA) – to enhance centralisation.

About Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG)

The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (CAG) heads the Indian Audit and Accounts Department.
He/she is the guardian of the public purse of the Union of India (the Centre and the states).

Article 148: Provides for an independent office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Article 149 (Duties and Powers of the CAG): Shall audit the accounts of the Union of India and any other authority or body as may be prescribed by any law made by Parliament.
Article 150 (Form of Accounts of the Union & States): The President, with advice from the CAG, decides how the accounts should be maintained.
Article 151 (Audit Reports): CAG’s reports on Union accounts go to the President, who then shares them with the Parliament.
- CAG’s reports on State accounts are sent to the State Governor, who then shares them with the State Legislature.
Article 279: Calculation of “net proceeds” is ascertained and certified by CAG, whose certificate is final.

Appointed by the President by warrant under his/her hand and seal.
Holds office for a period of six years or up to the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.
He can resign from his office at any time by addressing the resignation letter to the President.

CAG does not hold his office at the pleasure of the President. The Indian Constitution prescribes his/her terms of office and removal.
The removal of CAG involves a procedure similar to the removal of a Supreme Court Judge.
That is, the President can remove CAG based on a resolution passed by both Houses of Parliament with a special majority, either on proven misbehaviour or incapacity.

Its administrative expenses are charged to the Consolidated Fund of India (not subject to the vote of Parliament).
CAG is provided with the security of tenure.
CAG is not eligible for further office under the GoI or the Government of any State after his term.
His/her salary is equal to that of a judge of the Supreme Court. The Parliament determines his/her salary and other service conditions.
His/her rights regarding leave of absence, pension, etc., cannot be altered to his/her disadvantage.
No minister can represent the CAG in Parliament (both Houses). No minister can be called upon to take any responsibility for any actions taken by the office of CAG.

CAG conducts three kinds of audits:
1. Compliance audit, or an assessment of whether the provisions of the applicable laws, rules, and regulations, and various orders and instructions issued by the competent authority are being followed;
2. Performance audit, or an assessment of the implementation of schemes or programmes; and
3. Financial audit, or certification of the government’s accounts and the accounts of Public Sector Undertakings.
Audit reports submitted by the CAG to the President (which are later tabled in the legislature):
1. Appropriation audit report
2. Financial account audit report
3. Public sector undertaking audit report
Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee (PAC) examines the three CAG reports.

Exposed Scams: Highlighted significant irregularities such as the 2G spectrum allocation, Coal block allocation, and Commonwealth Games, bringing transparency and accountability. It has exposed inefficiencies in schemes like MNREGA, Mid-Day Meal, and defence procurement.
Impact of Reports on Policies: CAG audit reports expose financial and procedural losses while giving recommendations that often shape reforms—for e.g, Telangana altered its Engineering Procurement Contract mode after CAG audit.
Strengthening Parliamentary Oversight: CAG reports are examined by the Public Accounts Committee and the Committee on Public Undertakings, enabling informed parliamentary discussions.
De-Facto Fourth Pillar of Democracy: Though not formally considered so, CAG strengthens democratic functioning by curbing misuse of authority.

In 2011, a 2G spectrum allocation scam allegedly caused a loss of Rs. 1.76 lakh crore to the exchequer. It involved the government’s allocation of 2G spectrum licenses at below-market rates to a select few companies, leading to huge windfall gains for them.
In 2013, a coal block allocation scam allegedly caused a loss of Rs. 1.86 lakh crore to the exchequer. Allocation of coal blocks to private companies without following due process leads to huge windfall gains for them.

Post-facto Nature of Audit: The CAG’s work is largely a “post-mortem.” It audits expenditures after the money has already been spent. It can’t stop a transaction, only point out irregularities later.
Opaque Appointment Process: The CAG (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971 is silent on the required qualification for the incumbent and a transparent procedure for appointment to CAG position.
No Enforcement Power: The CAG is an advisory body. It can report its findings, but it has no power to take action against those found at fault. The responsibility to act on its reports lies with the Parliament and the executive.
Delay in Laying of Reports: Article 151 does not specify any time limit for laying CAG reports before legislatures, enabling governments to delay them, for e.g., the Delhi government kept reports pending for four years, and West Bengal too has delayed reports.
Limited Scope: CAG cannot directly audit private entities, PPP projects using substantial public funds, unless explicitly mandated.

Wider Audit Jurisdiction: Expand the coverage of CAG to include all entities that receive public funds or provide public goods, such as PRIs and government-funded societies.
Collegium-based Appointment: Introduce a Collegium-type mechanism to appoint a new CAG, similar to how the CVC is chosen, to ensure independence and impartiality.
Time-bound Laying of Reports: Amend Article 151/introduce statutory provisions mandating strict timelines for tabling CAG reports in Parliament/State legislatures.
- Adopt models from countries like the UK’s National Audit Office, where audit reports directly feed into parliamentary decision-making and reforms.
Capacity building: Invest in training auditors in AI, blockchain, big data, and cybersecurity to match evolving governance challenges.