Bollgard I and Bollgard II technologies are mentioned in the context of

1. clonal propagation of crop plants
2. developing genetically modified crop plants
3. production of plant growth substances
4. production of biofertilizers

Explanation

Option (b) is correct

• Bollgard I and Bollgard II are technologies developed by Monsanto Company for genetically modifying cotton plants. They incorporate genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) to make the crop resistant to bollworms. Bollgard I (a trademark of Monsanto) was the first generation of Bt cotton, incorporating a single Bt gene, Cry1Ac, to provide resistance against pests like the pink bollworm, and spotted bollworm. Bollgard II, an advanced version, introduced two Bt genes, Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab, offering broader and more effective pest resistance. This enhanced protection against a wider range of bollworms led to improved crop yields and a reduced need for chemical pesticides. Bollgard III contains three proteins, Cry1Ac, Cry2AB and Vip3A.

Answer: (b) developing genetically modified crops plants; Difficulty Level: Medium