Black Money and High Taxes: Exploring the Link

Context (YT): A dive into the taxation system in India and how it impacts the black money market.

Black Money

Black money, also known as illicit wealth, refers to money or assets that are not declared or reported to the government or other authorities for taxation or regulation.
This may include income from illegal activities such as drug trafficking or money laundering.
It contributes to income inequality, distorts financial markets, and undermines the rule of law.

Estimated black money in India

India ranks eighth globally in generating illicit funds (Global Financial Integrity Report).
According to the Bank of Italy’s calculation, India’s global tax haven holdings amount to $152-181 Bn, which equals approximately Rs. 10 lakh crore.
A former director of the CBI estimated that the total amount of illicit funds in India is approx. $500 Bn.

White money

It is obtained through legal and legitimate means and declared for tax purposes.
This includes income from employment, business, investments, or other sources that have been reported to tax authorities and are subject to taxation.

Taxation System in India

India’s taxation system is a complex web of direct and indirect taxes levied by the central government, state governments, and local authorities.
The direct tax system includes personal income tax, corporate tax and capital gains tax. In contrast, the indirect tax system comprises the Goods and Services Tax (GST), excise and customs duties.

Read more > Taxation.

Economic Impacts of Heavy Taxation

Reduced Disposable Income and Spending: Greece’s economic crisis saw decreased household spending, which highly impacted businesses that rely on consumer demand.
Disincentive to Work and Invest: France’s high payroll taxes discourage hiring new employees, causing unemployment and slow economic growth.
Increased Complexity and Administrative Burden: The US tax code is notoriously complex, leading to errors and higher costs for taxpayers.
Encouragement of Tax Evasion: Italy’s high taxes foster a significant black market economy.
Reduced Competitiveness of Businesses: Companies relocate to low-tax countries like Ireland or Singapore, reducing tax base and impacting job creation and tax revenues.

Interplay of high taxation and black money

Incentivize Underreporting: High taxes may lead individuals to underreport income, especially in cash-based businesses, fostering the circulation of black money.
Fuel Corruption: Large gaps between income and taxes owed can prompt bribery of tax officials, creating a black market for manipulating tax assessments and increasing black money flow.
Encourage Cash Transactions: High taxes push towards cash-only transactions to avoid scrutiny, complicating income tracking and enabling black money operations.
Discourage Formalization: Tax burdens can deter formal business registration, promoting informal sector activities where black money transactions thrive.
Reduce Transparency: Complex tax systems can be seen as opaque, fostering distrust and reducing compliance, potentially driving individuals towards black money activities.

Examples

Vodafone-Hutchison tax case: A multinational company avoided taxes in India using shell companies in tax havens, exposing loopholes in generating and stashing black money abroad.
Hasan Ali Khan case: Accused of illegal wealth accumulation abroad, illustrating challenges for Indian authorities in repatriating black money.
Panama and Paradise Papers leaks: Exposed offshore networks used by Indians to conceal assets and evade taxes, revealing extensive overseas black money holdings.
Nirav Modi Case (2018): Involved a jeweller in a ₹13,500 crore loan fraud, revealing shell companies and complex transactions to move black money abroad.
ITAT Case (2021): A Bollywood actress received ₹ five crore in cash but declared only a fraction, highlighting challenges in taxing cash transactions and tackling black money in the entertainment industry.

Dabba trading (Bucketing)

It is an illegal practice in financial markets (a sort of gambling) that involves off-exchange trades conducted through unregistered intermediaries, avoiding regulatory oversight and tax reporting.
These transactions are fictitious and not executed on recognised stock exchanges, aimed at evading taxes and regulatory scrutiny.
Dabba trading exposes investors to significant risks, such as financial fraud and capital loss due to a lack of legal protections.
Authorities like SEBI (Securities and Exchange Board of India) enforce stringent measures to curb dabba trading, safeguard market integrity and protect investors from illicit activities.

Reaganomics

It is also known as supply-side economics or trickle-down economics. It advocates for lower taxes, reduced government regulation & decreased government spending to stimulate economic growth.
Developed in the 1970s by economist Arthur Laffer, it posits that lower tax rates can increase tax revenues by fostering economic expansion.
It is named after President Ronald Reagan, who implemented tax cuts & deregulation in the 1980s.
Proponents argue that these measures incentivise investment, job creation & higher wages.
Critics contend Reaganomics exacerbates income inequality, contributes to environmental degradation, and reduces public services and safety nets.

Government initiatives to tackle black money

Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) Act, 2015: This act allows individuals to declare undisclosed foreign income/assets with penalties, bringing hidden wealth into the system.
Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Amendment Act, 2016: Strengthens laws against holding property in others’ names (benami) to hide wealth.
Fugitive Economic Offenders Act, 2018: It facilitates the confiscation of assets of economic offenders who flee to evade prosecution.
Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA).
Demonetization of High-Value Currency Notes, 2016: Aimed to eliminate black money by invalidating high-denomination currency notes.
Digital Transactions: Incentivizes cashless payments to reduce reliance on untraceable cash. E.g., UPI.

Challenges in Tackling Black Money

Cash-Based Economy: Many transactions in India, especially in rural areas and small businesses, are cash-based, making it difficult to track income and detect tax evasion.
Weak Tax Administration: Inadequate resources and manpower in tax departments hinder effective audits and investigations, allowing black money activities to go unchecked.
Cross-Border Transactions and Tax Havens: Black money can be moved to countries with lenient tax laws or secrecy provisions, complicating efforts to trace and recover funds.
Corruption: Corruption within government agencies can facilitate bribery to overlook black money, undermining efforts to combat tax evasion.
Public Perception and Lack of Trust: Mistrust in the tax system due to inefficiencies or perceived unfairness discourages compliance and encourages black money generation.
Complexity of Tax Laws and Loopholes: Complicated tax codes with numerous exemptions and deductions provide manipulation and tax evasion opportunities.

Way Forward

Simplification of Tax Laws: Simplifying the tax system, reducing exemptions, and lowering rates can make it easier for people to comply and discourage tax evasion.
Encouraging Digital Transactions: Incentivizing digital payments through tax breaks as cash transactions are complex to track and make it easier to hide income.
Tax Deduction at Source (TDS): By collecting tax at the source of income, the government can ensure a portion of the tax is collected upfront, reducing opportunities for hiding income.
Presumptive Taxation: Simplifying tax filing for small businesses by estimating their income reduces the burden of complex record-keeping and discourages underreporting.