The Ghadr (Ghadar) was a
- revolutionary association of Indians with headquarters at San Francisco.
- nationalist organization operating from Singapore
- militant organization with headquarters at Berlin
- communist movement for India’s freedom with head-quarters at Tashkent
Explanation
Option (a) is correct
- In 1913, Indian revolutionaries living in the United States of America and Canada formed the Ghadar (Rebellion) Party. The majority of the party’s members were Punjabi Sikh peasants and ex-soldiers who had come to North America in search of employment but experienced severe discrimination based on their race and economic status.
- The Association set up a headquarters called Yugantar Ashram in San Francisco and start a weekly paper, the Ghadar, for free circulation.
- Aim: The Ghadar Party was pledged to wage a revolutionary war against the British in India.
- Ideology: Though most of the party’s members were Punjabi Sikh peasants and ex-soldiers, the party’s ideology was strongly secular. In the words of Sohan Singh Bhakna, who later became a major peasant leader of Punjab: “We were not Sikhs or Punjabis. Our religion was patriotism”.
- Presence: In addition to North America, particularly Canada and the United States of America, the party had active members in other countries such as Mexico, Japan, China, the Philippines, Malaya, Singapore, Thailand, Indo-China, and East and South Africa.
- Leaders: Lala Har Dayal, Mohammed Barkatullah, Bhagwan Singh, Ram Chandra and Sohan Singh Bhakna were some of the prominent leaders of the Ghadar Party.
