Which one of the following statements about Sangam literature in ancient South India is correct?
- Sangam poems are devoid of any reference to material culture.
- The social classification of Varna was known to Sangam poets.
- Sangam poems have no reference to warrior ethics.
- Sangam literature refers to magical forces as irrational.
Explanation
Option (b) is correct
During the Sangam period, although the idea of varna was known, society was not rigidly stratified into higher and lower ranks as in north India. For instance, Brahmans existed and performed Vedic rituals and advised chiefs, but they did not enjoy special privileges. Social identity was largely based on occupation—such as artisans, salt traders, and textile merchants—rather than birth. Economic differences were visible: the wealthy lived in well-decorated brick houses and wore fine clothes, while the poor resided in mud huts with minimal clothing. War heroes held a distinguished place, and memorial stones called nadukal or virukkal were erected in their honour and even worshipped. Women appear to have been educated, as evidenced by their contributions to Sangam literature. They also participated in various economic activities like paddy cultivation, cattle rearing, basket-making, and spinning. However, the practice of Sati (known as tippayadal) existed, though it was not compulsory, as widows are mentioned in society. Despite this, widows faced a difficult life, being restricted from adornment and social participation.
