Which one of the following defines extremist ideology during the early phase of Indian freedom movement?

1. Stimulating the production of indigenous articles by giving them preference over imported commodities
2. Obtaining self-government by aggressive means in place of petitions and constitutional ways
3. Providing national education according to the requirements of the country
4. Organising coups against the British empire through military revolt

Explanation

Option (b) is correct

• The Extremists in the early national movement opposed the Moderates’ “mendicant policy” of petitions and appeals. Leaders such as Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai demanded Swaraj and favoured assertive, direct action over purely constitutional methods.
• They promoted boycott, Swadeshi and national education to mobilise the masses, marking a shift towards active and confrontational politics for self-government.

Answer: (b) Obtaining self-government by aggressive means in place of petitions and constitutional ways