Which of the following have species that can establish a symbiotic relationship with other organisms?
- Cnidarians
- Fungi
- Protozoa
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
- 1 and 2 only
- 2 and 3 only
- 1 and 3 only
- 1, 2 and 3
Explanation
Cnidarians can establish a symbiotic relationship with other organisms
- All three groups—Cnidarians, Fungi, and Protozoa—include species capable of establishing symbiotic relationships with other organisms
- Example of Symbiotic Relationships:
- Coral-Algae Symbiosis: One of the most well-known examples is the mutualistic relationship between reef-building corals (Cnidarians) and photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae. Corals provide the zooxanthellae with a protected environment, and the coral polyp cells produce carbon dioxide and water that the zooxanthellae need for photosynthesis. The zooxanthellae use energy from the sun to turn the carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and help the coral to remove wastes. Most importantly, zooxanthellae supply the coral with the building blocks of sugars and proteins, which are the products of photosynthesis. The coral uses these products to make proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and produce calcium carbonate. This leads to coral growth and reproduction.
- Sea Anemones and Clownfish: Another classic example is the relationship between sea anemones and clownfish. The anemones provide the fish with protection from predators through their stinging tentacles, while the fish offer the anemones cleaning services and nutrients from their waste.
Fungi can establish a symbiotic relationship with other organisms
- Example of Symbiotic Relationships:
- Mycorrhizae: Fungi form a mutualistic relationship with the roots of most terrestrial plants, known as mycorrhizae. The fungi enhance water and nutrient absorption (especially phosphorus) for the plant, while receiving carbohydrates and other organic compounds from the plant.
- Lichens: Some fungal species live in permanent mutually dependent relationships with bluegreen algae (or cyanobacteria). Such relationships are called symbiotic. These symbiobic life forms are called lichens.
Protozoa can establish a symbiotic relationship with other organisms
- Example of Symbiotic Relationships:
- Termite Gut Protozoa: Protozoa like Trichonympha live in the guts of termites and help them digest cellulose, which the termites themselves cannot break down. This mutualistic relationship is vital for the termite’s survival as it enables them to utilize wood as a food source.
