Which amongst the following provided a common factor for tribal insurrection in India in the 19th century? [2011]

Which amongst the following provided a common factor for tribal insurrection in India in the 19th century?

Introduction of a new system of land revenue and taxation- of tribal products
Influence of foreign religious missionaries in tribal areas
Rise of a large number of money lenders, traders and revenue farmers as middlemen in tribal areas
The complete disruption of the old agrarian order of the tribal communities

Forests were of great significance for tribals all over India. They had customary rights to use minor forest products. They were engaged in jhum cultivation, hunting and gathering, animal rearing, settled cultivation (rarely), tea plantations, and mines. Hence, tribals’ lives were intimately connected to the forest. • Tribal groups saw forests as essential for survival. They only resorted to working as labourers when the supplies of forest produce diminished.
The land was not just a source of livelihood but also a spiritual source. It was the basis of their identity and survival.

In the 19th century, several tribal uprisings occurred across India such as the Santhal Rebellion, the Kol Uprising, and the Munda Ulgulan led by Birsa Munda. Although the immediate causes differed from region to region, a common underlying factor behind these movements was the disruption of the traditional agrarian and social order of tribal communities. Under British rule, tribal areas experienced major changes such as the introduction of new land revenue systems, entry of moneylenders, traders and revenue farmers, and commercial exploitation of forests and land. These developments undermined the customary communal land ownership and traditional authority structures that had governed tribal societies for generations. As a result, tribal communities faced land alienation, indebtedness, and loss of control over their traditional resources, which collectively destroyed the old agrarian order. This disruption became the common factor that triggered many tribal insurrections in the 19th century.