There was no independent development of industries in India during British rule because of the:
- absence of heavy industries
- scarcity of foreign capital
- scarcity of natural resources
- preference of the rich to invest in land
Explanation
Option (a) is correct
- Colonial industrialisation in India was limited and uneven. Heavy industries such as power and engineering were neglected, while Indian-owned enterprises remained confined mainly to textiles, jute, and consumer goods. Lack of credit, absence of tariff protection, and competition from foreign firms hindered industrial growth. British policies reduced India to a supplier of raw materials and a market for British goods, preventing the development of an independent industrial base
