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In the context of the history of India, consider the following pairs:

Term description
1. Eripatti land, revenue from which was set apart for the maintenance of the village tank.
2. Taniyurs Villages donated to a single Brahmin or a group of Brahmins
3. Ghatika colleges generally attached to the temples.
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
  1. 1 and 2
  2. 3 only
  3. 2 and 3
  4. 1 and 3

Explanation

Pair 1 is correct
  • Eripatti, or “tank land,” was a unique category of land in South India. Individuals donated these lands specifically for maintaining village tanks. Revenue generated from Eripatti was allocated to ensure the upkeep of these tanks, which were essential for storing rainwater to support irrigation during extended dry periods.
Pair 2 is incorrect
  • The nadu was the basic revenue unit under the Cholas. It organised and controlled agricultural production and redistribution in non-Brahmadeya villages. However, taniyurs were separate administrative units independent of nadus in which they were located.
    • Important brahmadeyas were given Taniyur status. These were separate villages and considered independent entities within the nadus. They also controlled several non-Brahmadeya villages with temples around the Brahmadeya.
    • Certain nagarams were also given taniyur status. These nagarams were considered independent entities and free of the jurisdiction of the nadu. Here, the Mulparusai was the body that oversaw administrative work.
Pair 3 is correct
  • South Indian kingdoms had cultural institutions known as Ghatika and Brahmapuri. A Ghatika was a centre of learning (colleges generally attached to the temples) including religion and was small in size.
  • Temples, Mathas, Jain Basadis and Buddhist Viharas also existed as other sources of learning.
Answer: (d) 1 and 3; Difficulty Level: Hard
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