In nature, which of the following is/are most likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil?

1. Fern
2. Lichen
3. Moss
4. Mushroom

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1. 1 and 4 only
2. 2 only
3. 2 and 3
4. 1, 3 and 4

Explanation

Fern is incorrect

• Ferns are plants that do not have flowers. They generally reproduce by producing spores. Like flowering plants, ferns have roots, stems, and leaves. Ferns typically require soil for growth because they rely on roots to absorb water and nutrients.

Lichen and Moss are correct

• Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to colonise rocks and hence, are of great ecological importance. Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. As pioneer species, lichens play a crucial role in soil formation by breaking down rock surfaces over time, contributing to the initial stages of ecosystem development.
• Mosses are non-vascular plants without true roots, relying on their leaves to absorb water and nutrients directly from the environment. They can thrive on various surfaces, including rocks, tree trunks, and other substrates without soil, especially in damp and shaded areas. Like lichens, mosses are pioneer species that contribute to soil formation, helping to stabilize and enrich barren environments, paving the way for other plant life.

Mushroom is incorrect

• Mushrooms are fungi that typically grow on organic matter, such as decaying wood, soil, or compost.

Answer: (c) 2 and 3; Difficulty Level: Easy