Consider the following statements: 1) Other than those made by humans, nanoparticles do not exist in nature. 2) Nanoparticles of some metallic oxides are used in the manufacture of some cosmetics. [2022]

Consider the following statements:

Other than those made by humans, nanoparticles do not exist in nature.
Nanoparticles of some metallic oxides are used in the manufacture of some cosmetics.
Nanoparticles of some commercial products that enter the environment are unsafe for humans.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only
3 only
1 and 2
2 and 3

Explanation

Statement 1 is incorrect

A nanoparticle is a small particle that ranges between 1 to 100 nanometres in size (100 nm is 25 times smaller than ~25 micrometer – diameter of a human hair). Undetectable by the human eye, nanoparticles can exhibit significantly different physical and chemical properties to their larger material counterparts.
Nanoparticles occur widely in nature and are objects of study in many sciences such as chemistry, physics, geology and biology. Natural nanomaterials have been present abundantly throughout Earth’s formation and its evolutionary history spanning. Engineered nanomaterials represent a relatively recent development they constitute only a small fraction of the overall mass when compared to natural and incidental varieties. Similar to their natural and incidental counterparts, engineered nanomaterials can exert both positive and negative effects on the environment.

Statement 2 is correct

Numerous cosmetic products that we use in our daily lives incorporate nanotechnologies. Within these cosmetic formulations, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) play a significant role. Notably, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles are commonly included as ingredients to enhance sun protection in these products.

Table listing firms using nanotechnology in skincare products, detailing specific ingredients and product types. Key entries include Unilever's use of ultrafine titanium dioxide and zinc oxide in face creams, Avon’s limited use of titanium or zinc oxide, and Boots’ use of raw nanomaterials in sunscreens, with a verdict highlighting titanium dioxide and zinc oxide’s effectiveness against UV damage.

Image Source: Daily mail

Statement 3 is correct

While not all nanoparticles are inherently harmful, some, depending on their composition, size, and surface properties, can pose potential risks to human health and the environment if they enter the ecosystem. The potential risks include respiratory issues, oxidative stress, and accumulation in organs.

Infographic comparing claims to fame and infamy of four nanomaterials: nanosilver, titanium dioxide/zinc oxide, carbon nanotubes, and fullerenes. It uses color-coded sections with labeled applications, health/environmental risks, and visual elements like a beaker illustration to highlight uses, toxic effects, and scientific observations.

PMFIAS Concept Hack

Nanoparticles occur naturally (e.g., volcanic ash, ocean spray), so claiming they exist only due to humans is incorrect. Statement 2 is correct, as metal oxide nanoparticles (like zinc oxide, titanium dioxide) are widely used in cosmetics. Statement 3 is also correct, as some nanoparticles that enter the environment can pose health risks.

Answer: (d) 2 and 3; Difficulty Level: Easy

2022, PYQs