Building ‘Kalyana Mandapas’ was a notable feature in the temple construction in the kingdom of
- Chalukya
- Chandela
- Rashtrakuta
- Vijayanagara
Explanation
Option (d) is correct
- The chief characteristics of the Vijayanagar Kingdom (c.1336–1672 CE) architecture were the construction of tall Raya Gopurams or gateways and the Kalyanamandapam with carved pillars in the temple premises. Kalyanamandapam area is used for celebrating the annual marriage festival of the deities, reflecting both architectural grandeur and cultural significance.
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Option (a) is incorrect
- Chalukya Dynasty: Chalukyas ruled over the central Indian plateau of the Deccan from the 6th to the 12th century. It is mainly divided into 3 dynasties and ruled individually, even though all were related to each other.
- Chalukyas of Badami: They developed the Deccan or Vesara style (combination of Dravida and Nagara styles) of temple building, which reached its culmination under the Rashtrakutas and the Hoyasalas (13th century). More than 150 monuments attributed to the Badami Chalukya, and built between 450 and 700, remain in the Malaprabha basin in Karnataka. The rock-cut temples of Pattadakal, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, Badami and Aihole constitute their most celebrated monuments. In Aihole, the Durga temple (sixth century), Ladh Khan temple (450), Meguti temple (634), Hucchimalli and Huccappayya temples (fifth century), Badami Cave Temples (600) provide examples of early Chalukyan art.
- Chalukya’s of Vengi/ Eastern Chalukya’s
- Chalukya’s of Kalyani/ Western Chalukya’s
Option (b) is incorrect
- Chandela ruled the eastern part of Madhya Pradesh (Bundelkhand region). The Chandellas are well known for their art and architecture, most notably for the fully developed Nagara-style temples at their original capital, Khajuraho. The Lakshmana Temple (c. 930–950 CE), the Vishvanatha Temple (c. 999-1002 CE), and the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple (c. 1030 CE) were constructed during the reigns of Chandella rulers Yashovarman, Dhanga, and Vidyadhara, respectively.
Option (c) is incorrect
- The political history of the Deccan between c.733 and 975 CE was marked by the rise of the Rashtrakutas. They are credited with the construction of the famous rock-cut temple of Shiva at Ellora. The magnificent rock-cut Kailashnatha Temple at Ellora (near Aurangabad, Maharashtra) was built during the reign of Krishna I (c.756−774 CE). The temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is monolithic, i.e. made of one single piece of rock.
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