According to Portuguese writer Nuniz, the women in Vijayanagara Empire were experts in which of the following areas?
- Wrestling
- Astrology
- Accounting
- Soothsaying
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
- 1, 2 and 3 only
- 1, 3 and 4 only
- 2 and 4 only
- 1, 2, 3 and 4
Explanation
Option (d) is correct
- The Vijayanagara Empire was ruled by four successive dynasties: the Sangama (c. 1336–1485 CE), Saluva (c. 1485–1503 CE), Tuluva (c. 1503–1570 CE), and Aravidu dynasties, the last continuing till the end of the 17th century. A significant understanding of the empire’s history comes from the accounts of two Portuguese chroniclers, Domingo Paes and Fernao Nunez. Writing in the sixteenth century, their narratives provide valuable first-hand insights. Domingo Paes recorded his observations during 1520–22, in the reign of Krishnadevaraya, while Fernao Nunez wrote around 1535–37, during the rule of Achyuta Deva Raya. Both rulers were key figures of the Tuluva dynasty.
- Women in Vijayanagara society enjoyed a notable status and actively participated in political, social, and cultural life. They were engaged in activities such as wrestling, swordsmanship, use of shields, music, and other fine arts, and some also received substantial literary education. Nunez mentions that women were involved in diverse roles, including wrestling, astrology, and soothsaying. He also notes the presence of women officials who kept expense records in the palace and documented administrative affairs, often cross-checking them with records kept by external scribes.
