Which of the following best explain(s) the rationale for protecting mangrove ecosystems in the context of climate resilience?

1. Mangroves reduce tidal energy and store freshwater, making them ideal sites for paddy cultivation in saline estuarine belts.
2. Their salt-sensitive roots filter seawater, making mangroves key to converting coastal land into freshwater aquaculture zones.
3. By withstanding tidal surges and offering biomass resources, mangroves function both as natural bio-shields and livelihood bases for rural communities.

Select the answer using the code given below:

1. 1 only
2. 1 and 2
3. 2 and 3
4. 3 only

Explanation

Statement 1 is incorrect

• Mangroves do reduce tidal and wave energy, but they do not store freshwater in a way that makes them ideal for paddy cultivation.

Statement 2 is incorrect

• Mangroves are salt-tolerant, not salt-sensitive. Their roots can exclude or manage salt to survive in saline conditions, but they do not convert coastal land into freshwater aquaculture zones.

Statement 3 is correct

• Mangroves act as natural bio-shields by reducing the impact of tidal surges, cyclones, waves and coastal erosion. They also support rural livelihoods through fisheries, fuelwood, honey, fodder and other biomass-based resources.

Answer: (d) 3 only; Difficulty Level: Easy