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With reference to ancient Indian History, consider the following pairs:

Literary work Author
  1. Devichandragupta
Bilhana
  1. Hammira-Mahakavya
Nayachandra Suri
  1. Milinda-panha
Nagarjuna
  1. Nitivakyamrita
Somadeva Suri
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
  1. Only one
  2. Only two
  3. Only three
  4. All four

Explanation

Pair 1 is incorrectly matched
  • Devichandragupta is a Sanskrit play written by Vishakhadatta. It sheds light on how Chandragupta II came to the throne and married Dhruvadevi. Another work of Vishakhadatta, the Mudrarakshas, is an important source of information on the rise of Chandragupta to power, mentioning people and tribes such as the Yavanas, Sakas, Kiratas, Cambojas, Bhalikas, Parasikas, Khasas, Gandharas, Cinas, Kaulutas, Maghas and others who existed during the reign of Chandra Gupta II.

Additional Information

  • Bilhan was an 11th-century Kashmiri poet, renowned for his poem “Chaura-panchasika” or “The Love Thief.” Another significant work by Bilhana is the epic “Vikramankadevacharita,” in Sanskrit, which is based on his patron King Vikramaditya VI of the Western Chalukyas of Kalyani.
Pair 2 is correctly matched
  • Hammira Mahakavya is a 15th century Sanskrit epic poem written by the Jain scholar Nayachandra Suri. It is a legendary biography of the 13th century Chahamana king Hammira. While not entirely accurate from a historical point of view, the text provides valuable information about the medieval history of north-western India. Another important work ok Nayachandra Suri is Rambhamanjari.
Pair 3 is incorrectly matched
  • Milindapanho (by the Buddhist sage Nagasena), written in Pali (Buddhist non-canonical text), consists of a dialogue on various philosophical issues between the Indo-Greek king Milinda (Menander) and the monk Nagasena.

Additional Information

  • Non-canonical texts or semi-canonical texts are texts that are not the sayings of the Buddha, but commentaries and observations on canonical texts, treatises on the Dharma/Dhammapada, historical information, quotes, definitions, grammars, and other writings in Pali, Tibetan, Chinese, and other East Asian languages.
  • For example: Nettipakarana (The Book of Guidance, which gives a connected account of the Buddha’s teachings), Visuddhimagga (The Path to Purity, written by Buddhaghosa, deals with development from the purity of discipline to nibanna/enlightenment), Nidanakatha (first connected life story of Buddha).

Nagarjuna

  • He is considered to be the founder of the Madhyamaka school of Mahayana Buddhism. He was a friend and contemporary of Satvahana King Gautamiputra of Andhra.
  • The Mūlamadhyamakakārikā is the foundational text of the Madhyamaka school composed by Nāgārjuna (explains about the doctrine of emptiness, or shunyata).
Pair 4 is correctly matched
  • Nitivakyamrita was written by Somadeva Suri. The text is divided into chapters, each of which addresses ethical issues and various aspects of statecraft. His other important work is Yashastilaka.

Some important texts that directly deal with statecraft and ethics.

  • Arthashastra by Kautilya: A foundational work on statecraft, governance, diplomacy, and economic policy. Manusmriti – Discusses social order, duties, law, and ethical conduct.
  • Kamandakīya Nītisāra: A Sanskrit work belonging to c. 700-750 CE.
  • Ḷaghu Arhannīti: A small manual in Prakrit verse (c. 1088-1172 CE) on civil and criminal laws by Hemachandra, a Jain scholar
  • Nītikalpatarū: A Sanskrit treatise attributed to King Bhoja, available in manuscript only.
Answer: (b) Only two; Difficulty Level: Hard
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