Consider the following statements: 1)The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’. 2) The UNCAC is the first-ever legally binding global anti-corruption instrument. [2019]

Consider the following statements:

The United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) has a ‘Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air’.
The UNCAC is the first-ever legally binding global anti-corruption instrument.
A highlight of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (UNTOC) is the inclusion of a specific chapter aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners from whom they had been taken illicitly.
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) is mandated by its member States to assist in the implementation of both UNCAC and UNTOC.

The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air is a supplementary agreement under the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (UNTOC), not under the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC).

The UN Convention Against Transnational Organised Crime (UNTOC, also called the Palermo Convention) is a UN-sponsored multilateral treaty against transnational crime. The UN General Assembly adopted the convention in 2000 and entered into force in 2003.
It has 147 signatories and 191 parties to the convention.
- The seven UN member states that are not party to the convention are (* indicates that the state has signed but not ratified the convention): Republic of the Congo*, Iran*, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Sudan and Tuvalu.
The Convention is supplemented by three Protocols, which target specific areas of organised crime:
- Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children.
- Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air.
- Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, their Parts and Components and Ammunition.

UNCAC is the 1st legally binding international anti–corruption agreement. It entered into force in December 2005.
Parties: 190 (including India). The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) was designated as a secretariat for the Convention’s conference of state parties.
Areas covered: Criminalisation and law enforcement
- Preventive measures
- International cooperation
- Asset recovery
- Technical exchange and information exchange
A highlight of the Convention is the inclusion of a specific chapter on asset recovery, aimed at returning assets to their rightful owners, including countries from which they had been taken illicitly.

UNODC was established in 1997 through a merger between the United Nations Drug Control Programme and the Centre for International Crime Prevention. It was renamed the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2002.
Mandate: To assist Member States in their struggle against illicit drugs, organised crime and trafficking, crime prevention, corruption, and terrorism.
It is a member of the United Nations Development Group (UNDG).
It implements conventions like the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organised Crime (UNTOC) and the United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC).
It publishes the World Drug Report annually.