With reference to Mughal India, what is/are the difference/differences between Jagirdar and Zamindar?

1. Jagirdars were holders of land assignments in lieu of judicial and police duties, whereas Zamindars were holders of revenue rights without obligation to perform any duty other than revenue collection.
2. Land assignments to Jagirdars were hereditary, and revenue rights of Zamindars were not hereditary.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Explanation

Statement 1 is incorrect

• The Iqta system of the Sultanate period evolved into the Jagir system under the Mughals. The Jagirdari system involved assigning the revenue of a particular territory to nobles in return for their services to the state and formed an integral part of the Mansabdari system. During the Mughal era, Zamindars functioned as local chieftains and intermediaries responsible for collecting revenue from peasants. They often commanded local forces, controlled strongholds, and exercised significant influence in administrative and social matters. Their services were also utilised for maintaining law and order in their territories, in addition to revenue collection.

Statement 2 is incorrect

• None of the assignments to Jagirdar was permanent or hereditary except for Watan Jagir. The Emperor could shift part or the entire Jagir from one part of the imperial territory to another at any time
  • Watan Jagirs: They were assigned to zamindar or rajas in their local dominions. Watan Jagirs were hereditary and nontransferable.
• During the Mughal period, zamindars had hereditary rights over the produce of the land. They were present throughout the Mughal Empire and held the most significant position in the agrarian structure of Mughal India.

Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2; Difficulty Level: Medium