Consider the following pairs: 1) Annex- I Countries-Cartagena Protocol 2) Certified Emissions Reductions -Nagoya Protocol. [2016]

Consider the following pairs:

*Terms sometimes seen in the news*	*Their origin*
1. Annex- I Countries	Cartagena Protocol
2. Certified Emissions Reductions	Nagoya Protocol
3. Clean Development Mechanism	Kyoto Protocol

Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
3 only
1, 2 and 3

Explanation

Pair 1 is incorrect

It is one of the classifications of Parties under the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997 and came into force in 2005.
It is the only global treaty with binding limits on GHG emissions. There are currently 192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol. India ratified it in 2002, the USA never ratified it, and Canada withdrew in 2012.

Annex I	Developed countries (US, UK, Russia, etc.) + Economies in transition (EIT) [Ukraine, Turkey, some eastern European countries] These countries have pledged to reduce their emissions by being a part of the Kyoto Protocol.
Annex II	Developed countries (Annex II is a subset of Annex I) Provide financial and technical support to EITs and developing countries to reduce GHG emissions.
Annex B	Annex I Parties with first or second-round Kyoto GHG emissions targets (Annex B is a subset of Annex I) Compulsory binding targets to reduce GHG emissions The first-round Kyoto targets applied over the years 2008-2012 The second-round Kyoto targets applied from 2013-2020
Non-Annex I	The parties to the UNFCCC that are not listed in Annex I (mostly low-income developing countries) No binding targets to reduce emissions
LDCs	Least-developed; No binding targets

Pair 2 is incorrect, and Pair 3 is correct

Countries bound to Kyoto targets have to meet them largely through domestic action — that is, to reduce their emissions onshore. But they can meet part of their targets through three “marketbased mechanisms”:
- Clean Development Mechanism (CDM).
- Emission Trading.
- Joint Implementation (JI).
CDM allows a country with an emission-reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (Annex B Party like Australia) to implement an emission-reduction project in developing countries (like India).
Such projects can earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one tonne of CO2, which can be counted towards meeting Kyoto targets.

Diagram illustrating Flexible Market Mechanisms under Kyoto Protocol, divided into three sections: Joint Implementation (JI), Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), and Emission Trading. Each section shows flow of emission reduction projects, technology/finance, and reduction units (ERU, CER, AAU) between advanced and developing countries, highlighting processes to achieve emission targets.

Additional Information

Cartagena Protocol
- The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international agreement adopted in 2000. It entered into force in 2003 and covers the field of biotechnology.
- It currently has 173 parties. India has ratified CBD and its Catanga Protocol (signed in Cartagena, Colombia).
- Cartagena Protocol aims to ensure the safe handling, transport, and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology. It addresses technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety issue.
Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing
- At the 10th Conference of Parties (COP10 2010) to the Convention on Biological Diversity in Nagoya, Japan, the Nagoya Protocol was adopted.
- It is the second Protocol (supplementary agreement) to the CBD. It entered into force in 2014. It presently has 137 parties, including India.
- Nagoya Protocol is about “Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization”, one of the three objectives of the CBD.

Answer: (c) 3 only; Difficulty Level: Hard

2016, PYQs