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Question 1 of 8
1. Question
Q1. {Envi – Species} Consider the following statements regarding Water Spinach:
Water spinach thrives in tropical and subtropical climates, requiring temperatures between 20°C and 35°C and abundant water.
It is a rich source of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, making it beneficial for digestion, detoxification, and blood sugar management.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
Water spinach is a key source of folic acid and other essential nutrients.
The scientific name of the Water Spinach is Ipomoea aquatica.
It is commonly known as kangkong, river spinach, swamp cabbage, and Chinese spinach.
Water spinach requires tropical and subtropical climates with temperatures of 20°C to 35°C and abundant water.
Water spinach is grown in various regions of India, including West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Maharashtra.
Statement 2 is correct
Water spinach is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, contributing to health benefits such as improved digestion, detoxification, and blood sugar management.
Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2; Difficulty Level: Easy
Incorrect
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
Water spinach is a key source of folic acid and other essential nutrients.
The scientific name of the Water Spinach is Ipomoea aquatica.
It is commonly known as kangkong, river spinach, swamp cabbage, and Chinese spinach.
Water spinach requires tropical and subtropical climates with temperatures of 20°C to 35°C and abundant water.
Water spinach is grown in various regions of India, including West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Maharashtra.
Statement 2 is correct
Water spinach is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, contributing to health benefits such as improved digestion, detoxification, and blood sugar management.
Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2; Difficulty Level: Easy
Unattempted
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
Water spinach is a key source of folic acid and other essential nutrients.
The scientific name of the Water Spinach is Ipomoea aquatica.
It is commonly known as kangkong, river spinach, swamp cabbage, and Chinese spinach.
Water spinach requires tropical and subtropical climates with temperatures of 20°C to 35°C and abundant water.
Water spinach is grown in various regions of India, including West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, and Maharashtra.
Statement 2 is correct
Water spinach is rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, contributing to health benefits such as improved digestion, detoxification, and blood sugar management.
Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2; Difficulty Level: Easy
Question 2 of 8
2. Question
Q2. {S&T – Space} Which of the following space agencies initiated the BepiColombo mission for Mercury exploration?
Correct
Explanation
Option (b) is correct
BepiColombois a joint mission by ESA and JAXA to explore Mercury, launched in 2018.
The mission aims to study Mercury’s composition, magnetic field, and exosphere in detail.
It uses gravity assist flybys of Earth, Venus, and Mercury to slow down and enter Mercury’s orbit by 2025.
BepiColombo will be the second mission ever to orbit Mercury.
The first spacecraft to visit Mercury was NASA’s Mariner 10 (flyby mission, did not orbit), which imaged about 45% of the surface.
MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) of NASA was the first spacecraft to orbit Mercury.
Answer: (b) European Space Agency (ESA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Difficulty Level: Medium
Incorrect
Explanation
Option (b) is correct
BepiColombois a joint mission by ESA and JAXA to explore Mercury, launched in 2018.
The mission aims to study Mercury’s composition, magnetic field, and exosphere in detail.
It uses gravity assist flybys of Earth, Venus, and Mercury to slow down and enter Mercury’s orbit by 2025.
BepiColombo will be the second mission ever to orbit Mercury.
The first spacecraft to visit Mercury was NASA’s Mariner 10 (flyby mission, did not orbit), which imaged about 45% of the surface.
MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) of NASA was the first spacecraft to orbit Mercury.
Answer: (b) European Space Agency (ESA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Difficulty Level: Medium
Unattempted
Explanation
Option (b) is correct
BepiColombois a joint mission by ESA and JAXA to explore Mercury, launched in 2018.
The mission aims to study Mercury’s composition, magnetic field, and exosphere in detail.
It uses gravity assist flybys of Earth, Venus, and Mercury to slow down and enter Mercury’s orbit by 2025.
BepiColombo will be the second mission ever to orbit Mercury.
The first spacecraft to visit Mercury was NASA’s Mariner 10 (flyby mission, did not orbit), which imaged about 45% of the surface.
MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) of NASA was the first spacecraft to orbit Mercury.
Answer: (b) European Space Agency (ESA) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA); Difficulty Level: Medium
Question 3 of 8
3. Question
Q3. {S&T – Space} Consider the following statements in relation to the disappearance of Saturn’s rings:
Statement I: NASA has confirmed that Saturn’s rings will disappear in March 2025, although the rings will not actually cease to exist.
Statement II: Saturn’s axis is tilted in a manner similar to Earth’s. For half of its orbit, the planet tilts toward the Sun, causing the upper part of its rings to be illuminated.
Select the correct answer using the code provided below:
Correct
Explanation
Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, but Statement II is not the correct explanation for Statement I.
NASA confirmed that Saturn’s rings will ‘disappear’ in March 2025.
However, the rings will not cease to exist.
Their “disappearance” — when viewed from Earth — will be an optical illusion.
The cause of disappearance is optical Illusion.
Saturn has an axis tilted similarly to Earth’s. During one half of its year (1 Saturn year equals 29.4 Earth years), the planet tilts in the Sun’s direction. That’s why the upper part of its rings shines.
In the other half, the Sun lights up the southern side of Saturn and its rings’ underside. Twice in Saturn’s orbit, the rings face directly towards the Sun, an event called the equinox.
Rings are tilted at the same angle and appear to change their orientation when viewed from Earth.
Every 13 to 15 years, the edge of Saturn’s rings aligns directly with Earth when only the ring’s edges are visible from Earth.
Since Saturn’s rings are very thin at this position, they will reflect very little light, making them invisible.
But as Saturn continues to go around the Sun, its rings will gradually reappear.
The phenomenon last occurred in 2009.
Answer: (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, but Statement II is not the correct explanation for Statement I; Difficulty Level: Hard
Incorrect
Explanation
Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, but Statement II is not the correct explanation for Statement I.
NASA confirmed that Saturn’s rings will ‘disappear’ in March 2025.
However, the rings will not cease to exist.
Their “disappearance” — when viewed from Earth — will be an optical illusion.
The cause of disappearance is optical Illusion.
Saturn has an axis tilted similarly to Earth’s. During one half of its year (1 Saturn year equals 29.4 Earth years), the planet tilts in the Sun’s direction. That’s why the upper part of its rings shines.
In the other half, the Sun lights up the southern side of Saturn and its rings’ underside. Twice in Saturn’s orbit, the rings face directly towards the Sun, an event called the equinox.
Rings are tilted at the same angle and appear to change their orientation when viewed from Earth.
Every 13 to 15 years, the edge of Saturn’s rings aligns directly with Earth when only the ring’s edges are visible from Earth.
Since Saturn’s rings are very thin at this position, they will reflect very little light, making them invisible.
But as Saturn continues to go around the Sun, its rings will gradually reappear.
The phenomenon last occurred in 2009.
Answer: (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, but Statement II is not the correct explanation for Statement I; Difficulty Level: Hard
Unattempted
Explanation
Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, but Statement II is not the correct explanation for Statement I.
NASA confirmed that Saturn’s rings will ‘disappear’ in March 2025.
However, the rings will not cease to exist.
Their “disappearance” — when viewed from Earth — will be an optical illusion.
The cause of disappearance is optical Illusion.
Saturn has an axis tilted similarly to Earth’s. During one half of its year (1 Saturn year equals 29.4 Earth years), the planet tilts in the Sun’s direction. That’s why the upper part of its rings shines.
In the other half, the Sun lights up the southern side of Saturn and its rings’ underside. Twice in Saturn’s orbit, the rings face directly towards the Sun, an event called the equinox.
Rings are tilted at the same angle and appear to change their orientation when viewed from Earth.
Every 13 to 15 years, the edge of Saturn’s rings aligns directly with Earth when only the ring’s edges are visible from Earth.
Since Saturn’s rings are very thin at this position, they will reflect very little light, making them invisible.
But as Saturn continues to go around the Sun, its rings will gradually reappear.
The phenomenon last occurred in 2009.
Answer: (b) Both Statement I and Statement II are correct, but Statement II is not the correct explanation for Statement I; Difficulty Level: Hard
Question 4 of 8
4. Question
Q4. {Prelims – In News} Consider the following statements regarding the NIDHI and SAMRIDH programs:
The NIDHI program, launched under the Prime Minister’s Startup India, Stand Up India initiative, aims to bridge the gap between academic institutions and industry.
The SAMRIDH program is a flagship initiative under the National Policy on Software Products (NPSP) 2019, providing support including funding up to ₹40 lakh per startup.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
The NIDHI program, launched in 2016 as part of PM’s Startup India Stand Up India Initiative, aims to bridge the gap between academic institutions and industry.
Umbrella programme by the Technology Translation and Innovation (TTI) Division under the National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) of the Department of Science & Technology (DST).
Funded by the NSTEDB and implemented through Technology Business Incubators (TBIs) nationwide.
The National Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) under the Department of Science & Technology supports programs to promote science, technology, and innovation-based entrepreneurship, fostering knowledge-driven and tech-intensive startups.
Statement 2 is correct
SAMRIDH is a flagship program under the National Policy on Software Products (NPSP) 2019.
It aims to support 300 software product startups with a ₹99 crore investment over four years.
It provides startups with funding up to ₹40 lakh, mentorship, and support for market readiness, business planning, investor connections, and international expansion.
Implemented by:MeitY Start-up Hub (MSH) and Digital India Corporation (DIC).
The National Policy on Software Products (NPSP) 2019 aims to transform India into a global software product hub. It aligns with the Digital India Programme to promote inclusive and sustainable growth.
Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2; Difficulty Level: Hard
Incorrect
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
The NIDHI program, launched in 2016 as part of PM’s Startup India Stand Up India Initiative, aims to bridge the gap between academic institutions and industry.
Umbrella programme by the Technology Translation and Innovation (TTI) Division under the National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) of the Department of Science & Technology (DST).
Funded by the NSTEDB and implemented through Technology Business Incubators (TBIs) nationwide.
The National Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) under the Department of Science & Technology supports programs to promote science, technology, and innovation-based entrepreneurship, fostering knowledge-driven and tech-intensive startups.
Statement 2 is correct
SAMRIDH is a flagship program under the National Policy on Software Products (NPSP) 2019.
It aims to support 300 software product startups with a ₹99 crore investment over four years.
It provides startups with funding up to ₹40 lakh, mentorship, and support for market readiness, business planning, investor connections, and international expansion.
Implemented by:MeitY Start-up Hub (MSH) and Digital India Corporation (DIC).
The National Policy on Software Products (NPSP) 2019 aims to transform India into a global software product hub. It aligns with the Digital India Programme to promote inclusive and sustainable growth.
Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2; Difficulty Level: Hard
Unattempted
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
The NIDHI program, launched in 2016 as part of PM’s Startup India Stand Up India Initiative, aims to bridge the gap between academic institutions and industry.
Umbrella programme by the Technology Translation and Innovation (TTI) Division under the National Science and Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) of the Department of Science & Technology (DST).
Funded by the NSTEDB and implemented through Technology Business Incubators (TBIs) nationwide.
The National Science & Technology Entrepreneurship Development Board (NSTEDB) under the Department of Science & Technology supports programs to promote science, technology, and innovation-based entrepreneurship, fostering knowledge-driven and tech-intensive startups.
Statement 2 is correct
SAMRIDH is a flagship program under the National Policy on Software Products (NPSP) 2019.
It aims to support 300 software product startups with a ₹99 crore investment over four years.
It provides startups with funding up to ₹40 lakh, mentorship, and support for market readiness, business planning, investor connections, and international expansion.
Implemented by:MeitY Start-up Hub (MSH) and Digital India Corporation (DIC).
The National Policy on Software Products (NPSP) 2019 aims to transform India into a global software product hub. It aligns with the Digital India Programme to promote inclusive and sustainable growth.
Answer: (c) Both 1 and 2; Difficulty Level: Hard
Question 5 of 8
5. Question
Q5. {S&T – Space} Which of the following best describes the primary objective of planetary protection in the context of space exploration?
Correct
Explanation
Option (b) is correct
Recently, China announced it would be pulling up the date for Tianwen-3, its ambitious Mars sample-return mission, to 2028, to abide by the planetary protection principle
Planetary protection promotes the sustainable and responsible exploration of space by tackling the potential transfer of biological matter to and from Earth and other objects in the Solar System.
The principle has a legal basis in Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty (1967), which provides for avoiding “harmful contamination and … adverse changes” in the Earth’s and the body’s environments due to “the introduction of extraterrestrial matter”.
Answer: (b) To prevent the transfer of biological matter between Earth and other celestial bodies, thereby preserving the integrity of scientific research and protecting planetary environments.; Difficulty Level: Medium
Incorrect
Explanation
Option (b) is correct
Recently, China announced it would be pulling up the date for Tianwen-3, its ambitious Mars sample-return mission, to 2028, to abide by the planetary protection principle
Planetary protection promotes the sustainable and responsible exploration of space by tackling the potential transfer of biological matter to and from Earth and other objects in the Solar System.
The principle has a legal basis in Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty (1967), which provides for avoiding “harmful contamination and … adverse changes” in the Earth’s and the body’s environments due to “the introduction of extraterrestrial matter”.
Answer: (b) To prevent the transfer of biological matter between Earth and other celestial bodies, thereby preserving the integrity of scientific research and protecting planetary environments.; Difficulty Level: Medium
Unattempted
Explanation
Option (b) is correct
Recently, China announced it would be pulling up the date for Tianwen-3, its ambitious Mars sample-return mission, to 2028, to abide by the planetary protection principle
Planetary protection promotes the sustainable and responsible exploration of space by tackling the potential transfer of biological matter to and from Earth and other objects in the Solar System.
The principle has a legal basis in Article IX of the Outer Space Treaty (1967), which provides for avoiding “harmful contamination and … adverse changes” in the Earth’s and the body’s environments due to “the introduction of extraterrestrial matter”.
Answer: (b) To prevent the transfer of biological matter between Earth and other celestial bodies, thereby preserving the integrity of scientific research and protecting planetary environments.; Difficulty Level: Medium
Question 6 of 8
6. Question
Q6. {Infra – Transportation} Consider the following statements regarding Galathea Bay:
It is situated on Little Andaman, a part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
It has been designated as a “Major Port” by the Andaman and Nicobar Administration, and is being developed as an International Container Transshipment Port (ICTP).
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Explanation
Both statement 1 and 2 is incorrect
Recently central governmenthas designated Galathea Bay in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands as a ‘Major Port’.
Galathea Bay situated on Great Nicobar Island, part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
Lies approximately 40 nautical miles from the Malacca Strait, a crucial international shipping route.
It is being developed as an International Container Transshipment Port (ICTP), eligible for central funding under the public-private partnership model.
Deep Draft: It will have a natural water depth of over 20 meters to accommodate larger vessels.
It will be India’s second deep-water container transhipment terminal, following Vizhinjam Seaport.
Four Phase Development: Phase 1 is expected to be operational by 2028 and full completion by 2058.
The Port is expected to have significant economic benefits, including increased foreign direct investment, improved logistics, job creation, and enhanced revenue for Indian ports.
Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2; Difficulty Level: Medium
Incorrect
Explanation
Both statement 1 and 2 is incorrect
Recently central governmenthas designated Galathea Bay in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands as a ‘Major Port’.
Galathea Bay situated on Great Nicobar Island, part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
Lies approximately 40 nautical miles from the Malacca Strait, a crucial international shipping route.
It is being developed as an International Container Transshipment Port (ICTP), eligible for central funding under the public-private partnership model.
Deep Draft: It will have a natural water depth of over 20 meters to accommodate larger vessels.
It will be India’s second deep-water container transhipment terminal, following Vizhinjam Seaport.
Four Phase Development: Phase 1 is expected to be operational by 2028 and full completion by 2058.
The Port is expected to have significant economic benefits, including increased foreign direct investment, improved logistics, job creation, and enhanced revenue for Indian ports.
Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2; Difficulty Level: Medium
Unattempted
Explanation
Both statement 1 and 2 is incorrect
Recently central governmenthas designated Galathea Bay in the Andaman & Nicobar Islands as a ‘Major Port’.
Galathea Bay situated on Great Nicobar Island, part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.
Lies approximately 40 nautical miles from the Malacca Strait, a crucial international shipping route.
It is being developed as an International Container Transshipment Port (ICTP), eligible for central funding under the public-private partnership model.
Deep Draft: It will have a natural water depth of over 20 meters to accommodate larger vessels.
It will be India’s second deep-water container transhipment terminal, following Vizhinjam Seaport.
Four Phase Development: Phase 1 is expected to be operational by 2028 and full completion by 2058.
The Port is expected to have significant economic benefits, including increased foreign direct investment, improved logistics, job creation, and enhanced revenue for Indian ports.
Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2; Difficulty Level: Medium
Question 7 of 8
7. Question
Q7. {IE – Securities} Which of the following statements about Financialization is/are correct?
Financialization refers to the increasing influence of financial markets and institutions over economic policy and outcomes, with a shift from physical to financial assets.
Factors driving Financialization include government incentives for physical assets and a decline in digitization.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Correct
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
Recently, the Chief Economic Adviser cautioned that financializationmight distort macroeconomics.
Financialization is a process whereby financial markets, financial institutions, and financial elitesgain greater influence over economic policy and economic outcomes.
It also describes moving investments away from traditional, ‘physical’ assets (like real estate and gold) towards ‘financial assets’ (like mutual funds).
It transforms the functioning of economic systems at both the macro and micro levels.
Statement 2 is incorrect
Factors driving Financialization
Growth of the middle class with higher disposable income.
Rise in inflation, causing households to seek higher returns beyond fixed deposits.
Increasing digitisation of the economy.
Government incentives on financial instruments.
Potential Impacts of Financialization
Elevates the significance of the financial sector relative to the real sector.
Transfer income from the real sector to the financial sector.
Contribute to increased income inequality and wage stagnation.
May put the economy at risk of debt deflation and prolonged recession.
Answer: (a) 1 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
Incorrect
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
Recently, the Chief Economic Adviser cautioned that financializationmight distort macroeconomics.
Financialization is a process whereby financial markets, financial institutions, and financial elitesgain greater influence over economic policy and economic outcomes.
It also describes moving investments away from traditional, ‘physical’ assets (like real estate and gold) towards ‘financial assets’ (like mutual funds).
It transforms the functioning of economic systems at both the macro and micro levels.
Statement 2 is incorrect
Factors driving Financialization
Growth of the middle class with higher disposable income.
Rise in inflation, causing households to seek higher returns beyond fixed deposits.
Increasing digitisation of the economy.
Government incentives on financial instruments.
Potential Impacts of Financialization
Elevates the significance of the financial sector relative to the real sector.
Transfer income from the real sector to the financial sector.
Contribute to increased income inequality and wage stagnation.
May put the economy at risk of debt deflation and prolonged recession.
Answer: (a) 1 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
Unattempted
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
Recently, the Chief Economic Adviser cautioned that financializationmight distort macroeconomics.
Financialization is a process whereby financial markets, financial institutions, and financial elitesgain greater influence over economic policy and economic outcomes.
It also describes moving investments away from traditional, ‘physical’ assets (like real estate and gold) towards ‘financial assets’ (like mutual funds).
It transforms the functioning of economic systems at both the macro and micro levels.
Statement 2 is incorrect
Factors driving Financialization
Growth of the middle class with higher disposable income.
Rise in inflation, causing households to seek higher returns beyond fixed deposits.
Increasing digitisation of the economy.
Government incentives on financial instruments.
Potential Impacts of Financialization
Elevates the significance of the financial sector relative to the real sector.
Transfer income from the real sector to the financial sector.
Contribute to increased income inequality and wage stagnation.
May put the economy at risk of debt deflation and prolonged recession.
Answer: (a) 1 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
Question 8 of 8
8. Question
Q8. {Envi – Conservation} Consider the following statements regarding Teal Carbon:
Teal carbon refers to the carbon stored in non-tidal freshwater wetlands, such as marshes and swamps.
These ecosystems are considered more effective at carbon capture and storage than terrestrial forest ecosystems
The term “Teal Carbon” is based on a color-based classification of organic carbon according to its physical properties rather than its functions and location.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
India’s first study on ‘teal carbon’, undertaken at Keoladeo National Park, highlighted the significance of wetland conservation in climate adaptation and resilience.
Teal carbon refers to the carbon stored in non-tidal freshwater wetlands, such as marshes and swamps.
Statement 2 is correct
These ecosystems are considered more effective at carbon capture and storage than terrestrial forest ecosystems and can store and sequester more carbon than any other type of terrestrial ecosystem.
Statement 3 is incorrect
Being a colour-based terminology, it reflects the classification of organic carbon based on its functions and location rather than its physical properties.
Other Types of Carbon
Scientists use colour to classify carbon at different points in the carbon cycle based on carbon function, characteristics, and location.
Answer: (d) 1 and 2 only; Difficulty Level: Medium
Incorrect
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
India’s first study on ‘teal carbon’, undertaken at Keoladeo National Park, highlighted the significance of wetland conservation in climate adaptation and resilience.
Teal carbon refers to the carbon stored in non-tidal freshwater wetlands, such as marshes and swamps.
Statement 2 is correct
These ecosystems are considered more effective at carbon capture and storage than terrestrial forest ecosystems and can store and sequester more carbon than any other type of terrestrial ecosystem.
Statement 3 is incorrect
Being a colour-based terminology, it reflects the classification of organic carbon based on its functions and location rather than its physical properties.
Other Types of Carbon
Scientists use colour to classify carbon at different points in the carbon cycle based on carbon function, characteristics, and location.
Answer: (d) 1 and 2 only; Difficulty Level: Medium
Unattempted
Explanation
Statement 1 is correct
India’s first study on ‘teal carbon’, undertaken at Keoladeo National Park, highlighted the significance of wetland conservation in climate adaptation and resilience.
Teal carbon refers to the carbon stored in non-tidal freshwater wetlands, such as marshes and swamps.
Statement 2 is correct
These ecosystems are considered more effective at carbon capture and storage than terrestrial forest ecosystems and can store and sequester more carbon than any other type of terrestrial ecosystem.
Statement 3 is incorrect
Being a colour-based terminology, it reflects the classification of organic carbon based on its functions and location rather than its physical properties.
Other Types of Carbon
Scientists use colour to classify carbon at different points in the carbon cycle based on carbon function, characteristics, and location.
