Olive Ridley sea turtles are the second-smallest and most abundant sea turtles globally.
They are known for unique arribadas (synchronised mass nesting), where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.
Breeding Season: Olive ridley turtles arrive on Tamil Nadu’s coast from September to October, with nesting beginning in late November and lasting until March.
Egg-laying process: Female turtles lay 100-110 eggs, covering them with sand to protect them from predators. Hatchlings emerge after 45-60 days.
Option (b) is incorrect
Physical Characteristics of Olive Ridley sea turtles:
Males and females grow the same size, but females have a slightly more rounded carapace.
The carapace is heart-shaped and rounded, named “olive ridley.”
Hatchlings are dark grey, appearing black when wet.
Option (d) is incorrect
Olive Ridley turtles are carnivorous, especially in their immature stages of their lifecycle.
Nesting Sites: Major nesting sites are in Odisha, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
The Gahirmatha Beach of Odisha (India) is the most significant breeding ground for these turtles.
Answer: (c) They are found in warm and tropical waters, and are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List; Difficulty Level: Hard
Incorrect
Explanation
Option (c) is correct
Olive Ridley sea turtles are found in warm and tropical waters, primarily in the Pacific and Indian Oceans and warm areas of the Atlantic Ocean.
Olive Ridley sea turtles are the second-smallest and most abundant sea turtles globally.
They are known for unique arribadas (synchronised mass nesting), where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.
Breeding Season: Olive ridley turtles arrive on Tamil Nadu’s coast from September to October, with nesting beginning in late November and lasting until March.
Egg-laying process: Female turtles lay 100-110 eggs, covering them with sand to protect them from predators. Hatchlings emerge after 45-60 days.
Option (b) is incorrect
Physical Characteristics of Olive Ridley sea turtles:
Males and females grow the same size, but females have a slightly more rounded carapace.
The carapace is heart-shaped and rounded, named “olive ridley.”
Hatchlings are dark grey, appearing black when wet.
Option (d) is incorrect
Olive Ridley turtles are carnivorous, especially in their immature stages of their lifecycle.
Nesting Sites: Major nesting sites are in Odisha, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
The Gahirmatha Beach of Odisha (India) is the most significant breeding ground for these turtles.
Answer: (c) They are found in warm and tropical waters, and are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List; Difficulty Level: Hard
Unattempted
Explanation
Option (c) is correct
Olive Ridley sea turtles are found in warm and tropical waters, primarily in the Pacific and Indian Oceans and warm areas of the Atlantic Ocean.
Olive Ridley sea turtles are the second-smallest and most abundant sea turtles globally.
They are known for unique arribadas (synchronised mass nesting), where thousands of females come together on the same beach to lay eggs.
Breeding Season: Olive ridley turtles arrive on Tamil Nadu’s coast from September to October, with nesting beginning in late November and lasting until March.
Egg-laying process: Female turtles lay 100-110 eggs, covering them with sand to protect them from predators. Hatchlings emerge after 45-60 days.
Option (b) is incorrect
Physical Characteristics of Olive Ridley sea turtles:
Males and females grow the same size, but females have a slightly more rounded carapace.
The carapace is heart-shaped and rounded, named “olive ridley.”
Hatchlings are dark grey, appearing black when wet.
Option (d) is incorrect
Olive Ridley turtles are carnivorous, especially in their immature stages of their lifecycle.
Nesting Sites: Major nesting sites are in Odisha, followed by Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
The Gahirmatha Beach of Odisha (India) is the most significant breeding ground for these turtles.
Answer: (c) They are found in warm and tropical waters, and are listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List; Difficulty Level: Hard
Question 2 of 7
2. Question
Q2. {Geo – PG – Geomorphology} Consider the following statements regarding the Ring of Fire:
The Ring of Fire accounts for 75% of the world’s earthquakes and 90% of its total volcanoes.
The Ring of Fire runs through 15 countries, including the USA, Japan, Chile, and Indonesia.
The 1960 Valdivia Earthquake in Chile, the strongest recorded earthquake, occurred within this region.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
Correct
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect
The Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped zone containing hundreds of volcanoes and b around the Pacific Ocean. It stretches nearly 40,250 kilometres.
It is where tectonic plates converge, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity. 90% of the world’s earthquakes take place here.
The Ring of Fire is home to over 450 active and inactive volcanoes, accounting for 75% of the world’s total volcanoes.
Statement 2 is correct
The Ring of Fire is the meeting point of numerous tectonic plates, including the Eurasian, North American, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Caribbean, Nazca, Antarctic, Indian, Australian, Philippine, and other smaller plates.
It runs through 15 countries, including the USA, Indonesia, Mexico, Japan, Canada, Guatemala, Russia, Chile, Peru, and the Philippines.
Statement 3 is correct
Notable Earthquakes in the Ring of Fire:
1960 Valdivia Earthquake: The strongest recorded earthquake, measuring 9.5 on the Richter scale, occurred in Chile, part of the Ring of Fire.
Frequent Earthquakes: The Ring of Fire experiences constant seismic activity, with many powerful earthquakes, including the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan.
Answer: (b) Only two; Difficulty Level: Hard
Incorrect
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect
The Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped zone containing hundreds of volcanoes and b around the Pacific Ocean. It stretches nearly 40,250 kilometres.
It is where tectonic plates converge, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity. 90% of the world’s earthquakes take place here.
The Ring of Fire is home to over 450 active and inactive volcanoes, accounting for 75% of the world’s total volcanoes.
Statement 2 is correct
The Ring of Fire is the meeting point of numerous tectonic plates, including the Eurasian, North American, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Caribbean, Nazca, Antarctic, Indian, Australian, Philippine, and other smaller plates.
It runs through 15 countries, including the USA, Indonesia, Mexico, Japan, Canada, Guatemala, Russia, Chile, Peru, and the Philippines.
Statement 3 is correct
Notable Earthquakes in the Ring of Fire:
1960 Valdivia Earthquake: The strongest recorded earthquake, measuring 9.5 on the Richter scale, occurred in Chile, part of the Ring of Fire.
Frequent Earthquakes: The Ring of Fire experiences constant seismic activity, with many powerful earthquakes, including the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan.
Answer: (b) Only two; Difficulty Level: Hard
Unattempted
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect
The Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped zone containing hundreds of volcanoes and b around the Pacific Ocean. It stretches nearly 40,250 kilometres.
It is where tectonic plates converge, causing earthquakes and volcanic activity. 90% of the world’s earthquakes take place here.
The Ring of Fire is home to over 450 active and inactive volcanoes, accounting for 75% of the world’s total volcanoes.
Statement 2 is correct
The Ring of Fire is the meeting point of numerous tectonic plates, including the Eurasian, North American, Juan de Fuca, Cocos, Caribbean, Nazca, Antarctic, Indian, Australian, Philippine, and other smaller plates.
It runs through 15 countries, including the USA, Indonesia, Mexico, Japan, Canada, Guatemala, Russia, Chile, Peru, and the Philippines.
Statement 3 is correct
Notable Earthquakes in the Ring of Fire:
1960 Valdivia Earthquake: The strongest recorded earthquake, measuring 9.5 on the Richter scale, occurred in Chile, part of the Ring of Fire.
Frequent Earthquakes: The Ring of Fire experiences constant seismic activity, with many powerful earthquakes, including the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake in Japan.
Answer: (b) Only two; Difficulty Level: Hard
Question 3 of 7
3. Question
Q3. {Prelims – In News} Which of the following operations was a secretive military strategy by Pakistan to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir using soldiers disguised as locals to incite rebellion among the Kashmiri population in August 1965?
Correct
Explanation
Option (c) is the correct answer
The Defence Minister highlighted missed opportunities to curb cross-border infiltration, especially at Haji Pir Pass in Jammu and Kashmir (PoK) after the 1965 India-Pakistan war.
1965 India-Pakistan War:
Origin of Conflict: Rooted in a contentious territorial dispute over J&K since the Partition of 1947.
Escalation to Full-Scale War: Tensions flared into a full-scale armed conflict in August 1965, with Pakistan initiating covert operations under the guise of local uprisings, escalating conflict to gain territorial advantage and internationalise the issue.
Operation Gibraltar:
Covert Operation:Operation Gibraltar was a secretive military strategy by Pakistan to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir using soldiers disguised as locals to incite rebellion among the Kashmiri population.
Sabotage Efforts: The operation aimed to disrupt Indian military logistics and infrastructure by deploying guerrilla fighters through routes like the Haji Pir Pass.
Lack of Local Support: Contrary to Pakistan’s expectations, the Kashmiri population largely supported Indian forces in the Battle of Haji Pir Pass.
Swift Neutralization: Indian military action effectively countered the infiltration, nullifying Pakistan’s plans and leading to Operation Gibraltar’s failure.
Trigger for War: Operation Gibraltar’s failure escalated tensions, acting as a catalyst for the full-scale 1965 India-Pakistan War.
Answer: (c) Operation Gibraltar; Difficulty Level: Hard
Incorrect
Explanation
Option (c) is the correct answer
The Defence Minister highlighted missed opportunities to curb cross-border infiltration, especially at Haji Pir Pass in Jammu and Kashmir (PoK) after the 1965 India-Pakistan war.
1965 India-Pakistan War:
Origin of Conflict: Rooted in a contentious territorial dispute over J&K since the Partition of 1947.
Escalation to Full-Scale War: Tensions flared into a full-scale armed conflict in August 1965, with Pakistan initiating covert operations under the guise of local uprisings, escalating conflict to gain territorial advantage and internationalise the issue.
Operation Gibraltar:
Covert Operation:Operation Gibraltar was a secretive military strategy by Pakistan to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir using soldiers disguised as locals to incite rebellion among the Kashmiri population.
Sabotage Efforts: The operation aimed to disrupt Indian military logistics and infrastructure by deploying guerrilla fighters through routes like the Haji Pir Pass.
Lack of Local Support: Contrary to Pakistan’s expectations, the Kashmiri population largely supported Indian forces in the Battle of Haji Pir Pass.
Swift Neutralization: Indian military action effectively countered the infiltration, nullifying Pakistan’s plans and leading to Operation Gibraltar’s failure.
Trigger for War: Operation Gibraltar’s failure escalated tensions, acting as a catalyst for the full-scale 1965 India-Pakistan War.
Answer: (c) Operation Gibraltar; Difficulty Level: Hard
Unattempted
Explanation
Option (c) is the correct answer
The Defence Minister highlighted missed opportunities to curb cross-border infiltration, especially at Haji Pir Pass in Jammu and Kashmir (PoK) after the 1965 India-Pakistan war.
1965 India-Pakistan War:
Origin of Conflict: Rooted in a contentious territorial dispute over J&K since the Partition of 1947.
Escalation to Full-Scale War: Tensions flared into a full-scale armed conflict in August 1965, with Pakistan initiating covert operations under the guise of local uprisings, escalating conflict to gain territorial advantage and internationalise the issue.
Operation Gibraltar:
Covert Operation:Operation Gibraltar was a secretive military strategy by Pakistan to infiltrate Jammu and Kashmir using soldiers disguised as locals to incite rebellion among the Kashmiri population.
Sabotage Efforts: The operation aimed to disrupt Indian military logistics and infrastructure by deploying guerrilla fighters through routes like the Haji Pir Pass.
Lack of Local Support: Contrary to Pakistan’s expectations, the Kashmiri population largely supported Indian forces in the Battle of Haji Pir Pass.
Swift Neutralization: Indian military action effectively countered the infiltration, nullifying Pakistan’s plans and leading to Operation Gibraltar’s failure.
Trigger for War: Operation Gibraltar’s failure escalated tensions, acting as a catalyst for the full-scale 1965 India-Pakistan War.
Answer: (c) Operation Gibraltar; Difficulty Level: Hard
Question 4 of 7
4. Question
Q4. {Prelims – Sci – Physics} Consider the following statements regarding the discovery of Semi-Dirac Fermions:
Semi-Dirac Fermions have mass in both directions when observed under specific electric and magnetic forces.
Dirac Fermions are hypothesized fermions that are their own antiparticles.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Explanation
Both statements are incorrect
Physicists have discovered semi-Dirac fermions, expanding the understanding of subatomic particles and their behaviour in materials like zirconium silicon sulphide (ZrSiS).
Unique Behaviour: Have mass in one direction but not in another (Observed under Specific Electric and Magnetic Forces).
Quasiparticles: A collection of particles or energy-packets behaving like a single particle.
Material: Found in ZrSiS, a layered crystalline material.
Types of Subatomic Particles:
Fermions: Matter particles, e.g., electrons and protons. They are further classified as-
Dirac Fermions: May or may not have mass and differ from their antiparticles.
Majorana Fermions: Their own antiparticles, with neutrinos suspected to belong to this category.
Bosons: Force-carrying particles, e.g., photons.
Role in Condensed Matter Physics:
Exotic Particles: Small-scale controlled experiments in Condensed Matter Physics discover particles like semi-Dirac fermions.
No Need for Large Colliders: Materials like graphene and ZrSiS act as hosts for unusual particles, revealing fundamental physics without massive accelerators.
Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2; Difficulty Level: Hard
Incorrect
Explanation
Both statements are incorrect
Physicists have discovered semi-Dirac fermions, expanding the understanding of subatomic particles and their behaviour in materials like zirconium silicon sulphide (ZrSiS).
Unique Behaviour: Have mass in one direction but not in another (Observed under Specific Electric and Magnetic Forces).
Quasiparticles: A collection of particles or energy-packets behaving like a single particle.
Material: Found in ZrSiS, a layered crystalline material.
Types of Subatomic Particles:
Fermions: Matter particles, e.g., electrons and protons. They are further classified as-
Dirac Fermions: May or may not have mass and differ from their antiparticles.
Majorana Fermions: Their own antiparticles, with neutrinos suspected to belong to this category.
Bosons: Force-carrying particles, e.g., photons.
Role in Condensed Matter Physics:
Exotic Particles: Small-scale controlled experiments in Condensed Matter Physics discover particles like semi-Dirac fermions.
No Need for Large Colliders: Materials like graphene and ZrSiS act as hosts for unusual particles, revealing fundamental physics without massive accelerators.
Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2; Difficulty Level: Hard
Unattempted
Explanation
Both statements are incorrect
Physicists have discovered semi-Dirac fermions, expanding the understanding of subatomic particles and their behaviour in materials like zirconium silicon sulphide (ZrSiS).
Unique Behaviour: Have mass in one direction but not in another (Observed under Specific Electric and Magnetic Forces).
Quasiparticles: A collection of particles or energy-packets behaving like a single particle.
Material: Found in ZrSiS, a layered crystalline material.
Types of Subatomic Particles:
Fermions: Matter particles, e.g., electrons and protons. They are further classified as-
Dirac Fermions: May or may not have mass and differ from their antiparticles.
Majorana Fermions: Their own antiparticles, with neutrinos suspected to belong to this category.
Bosons: Force-carrying particles, e.g., photons.
Role in Condensed Matter Physics:
Exotic Particles: Small-scale controlled experiments in Condensed Matter Physics discover particles like semi-Dirac fermions.
No Need for Large Colliders: Materials like graphene and ZrSiS act as hosts for unusual particles, revealing fundamental physics without massive accelerators.
Answer: (d) Neither 1 nor 2; Difficulty Level: Hard
Question 5 of 7
5. Question
Q5. {DM – Issues} With reference to the Global Risks Report 2025, consider the following statements:
Global Risks Report 2025, released by International Monetary Fund, highlights extreme weather events as the most severe long-term risk.
State-Based Armed Conflict was ranked as the top risk for 2025, driven by geopolitical tensions.
Which of the statements given above is/are not correct?
Correct
Explanation
Statement 2 is correct and statement 1 is incorrect
World Economic Forum’s (WEF)Global Risks Report 2025 highlights extreme weather events as the most severe long-term risk, requiring urgent global action.
Highlights of the Global Risks Report 2025:
State-Based Armed Conflict:Ranked as the top risk for 2025, driven by geopolitical tensions such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict and instability in regions like the Middle East.
Geoeconomic Confrontation: Ranked third, linked to sanctions, tariffs, and global protectionism.
Rising Costs: Inflation-adjusted costs of extreme weather have surged by 77% over five decades.
Global Consensus: Extreme weather ranks among the top risks in 28 countries, highlighting its impact.
Misinformation and Disinformation: Ranked fourth, complicating public trust and societal polarisation.
Cyber Espionage and Warfare: Highlighted as a critical risk in the near-term outlook.
United States: Rising wildfire costs potentially exceeding $200 billion.
High-Concern Countries: Dominican Republic, Oman, Bangladesh, & Greece identify extreme weather as the top short-term risk.
Increased risk: Mauritius & Malawi elevated extreme weather as their second most significant risk.
Answer: (a) 1 only; Difficulty Level: Medium
Incorrect
Explanation
Statement 2 is correct and statement 1 is incorrect
World Economic Forum’s (WEF)Global Risks Report 2025 highlights extreme weather events as the most severe long-term risk, requiring urgent global action.
Highlights of the Global Risks Report 2025:
State-Based Armed Conflict:Ranked as the top risk for 2025, driven by geopolitical tensions such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict and instability in regions like the Middle East.
Geoeconomic Confrontation: Ranked third, linked to sanctions, tariffs, and global protectionism.
Rising Costs: Inflation-adjusted costs of extreme weather have surged by 77% over five decades.
Global Consensus: Extreme weather ranks among the top risks in 28 countries, highlighting its impact.
Misinformation and Disinformation: Ranked fourth, complicating public trust and societal polarisation.
Cyber Espionage and Warfare: Highlighted as a critical risk in the near-term outlook.
United States: Rising wildfire costs potentially exceeding $200 billion.
High-Concern Countries: Dominican Republic, Oman, Bangladesh, & Greece identify extreme weather as the top short-term risk.
Increased risk: Mauritius & Malawi elevated extreme weather as their second most significant risk.
Answer: (a) 1 only; Difficulty Level: Medium
Unattempted
Explanation
Statement 2 is correct and statement 1 is incorrect
World Economic Forum’s (WEF)Global Risks Report 2025 highlights extreme weather events as the most severe long-term risk, requiring urgent global action.
Highlights of the Global Risks Report 2025:
State-Based Armed Conflict:Ranked as the top risk for 2025, driven by geopolitical tensions such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict and instability in regions like the Middle East.
Geoeconomic Confrontation: Ranked third, linked to sanctions, tariffs, and global protectionism.
Rising Costs: Inflation-adjusted costs of extreme weather have surged by 77% over five decades.
Global Consensus: Extreme weather ranks among the top risks in 28 countries, highlighting its impact.
Misinformation and Disinformation: Ranked fourth, complicating public trust and societal polarisation.
Cyber Espionage and Warfare: Highlighted as a critical risk in the near-term outlook.
United States: Rising wildfire costs potentially exceeding $200 billion.
High-Concern Countries: Dominican Republic, Oman, Bangladesh, & Greece identify extreme weather as the top short-term risk.
Increased risk: Mauritius & Malawi elevated extreme weather as their second most significant risk.
Answer: (a) 1 only; Difficulty Level: Medium
Question 6 of 7
6. Question
Q6. {Geo – Oceanography} Consider the following pairs:
Oceanic Trench
Location
Mariana Trench
Eastern Pacific Ocean
Aleutian Trench
North Pacific Ocean
Tonga Trench
Atlantic Ocean
How many of the pairs are correct?
Correct
Explanation
Only pair 2 is correct
Oceanic Trench
Location
Mariana Trench
Western Pacific Ocean
Aleutian Trench
North Pacific Ocean
Tonga Trench
South Pacific ocean
Answer: (a) Only one; Difficulty Level: Medium
Incorrect
Explanation
Only pair 2 is correct
Oceanic Trench
Location
Mariana Trench
Western Pacific Ocean
Aleutian Trench
North Pacific Ocean
Tonga Trench
South Pacific ocean
Answer: (a) Only one; Difficulty Level: Medium
Unattempted
Explanation
Only pair 2 is correct
Oceanic Trench
Location
Mariana Trench
Western Pacific Ocean
Aleutian Trench
North Pacific Ocean
Tonga Trench
South Pacific ocean
Answer: (a) Only one; Difficulty Level: Medium
Question 7 of 7
7. Question
Q7. {S&T – Defence} Recently, India has successfully tested the Supersonic Combustion Ramjet (Scramjet) engine. In this context, consider the following statements:
A scramjet is a non-air breathing engine that operates efficiently at hypersonic speeds.
The mechanism utilises the vehicle’s high-speed forward motion to compress incoming air for combustion, eliminating the need for on-board oxidisers.
DRDO successfully demonstrated the scramjet combustor ground test for 120 seconds for the first time in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A scramjet is an air-breathing engine that operates efficiently at hypersonic speeds (Mach 5+), allowing supersonic combustion without moving parts.
Mechanism: This mechanism utilises the vehicle’s high-speed forward motion to compress incoming air for combustion, eliminating the need for on-board oxidisers.
Key Highlights of the Scramjet Engine Ground Test:
Duration and Stability: Achieved stable combustion for 120 seconds, afirst in India.
Flame Stabilization: Implemented an innovative technique to maintain continuous flame at airspeeds exceeding 1.5 km/s.
Indigenous Fuel Development: Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) developed an endothermic scramjet fuel that enhances cooling and ignition efficiency.
Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC): Developed an advanced ceramic TBC with high thermal resistance, capable of operating beyond the melting point of steel, in partnership with Dept. of Science & Tech (DST).
India’s Progress in Hypersonic Technology:
Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV): DRDO successfully flight-tested the HSTDV, demonstrating the performance of a scramjet engine at Mach 6 speeds.
Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Facility: Inaugurated by DRDO in 2020 in Hyderabad, it can simulate speeds from Mach 5 to 12, making India the third country after US & Russia with such facility.
A scramjet is an air-breathing engine that operates efficiently at hypersonic speeds (Mach 5+), allowing supersonic combustion without moving parts.
Mechanism: This mechanism utilises the vehicle’s high-speed forward motion to compress incoming air for combustion, eliminating the need for on-board oxidisers.
Key Highlights of the Scramjet Engine Ground Test:
Duration and Stability: Achieved stable combustion for 120 seconds, afirst in India.
Flame Stabilization: Implemented an innovative technique to maintain continuous flame at airspeeds exceeding 1.5 km/s.
Indigenous Fuel Development: Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) developed an endothermic scramjet fuel that enhances cooling and ignition efficiency.
Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC): Developed an advanced ceramic TBC with high thermal resistance, capable of operating beyond the melting point of steel, in partnership with Dept. of Science & Tech (DST).
India’s Progress in Hypersonic Technology:
Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV): DRDO successfully flight-tested the HSTDV, demonstrating the performance of a scramjet engine at Mach 6 speeds.
Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Facility: Inaugurated by DRDO in 2020 in Hyderabad, it can simulate speeds from Mach 5 to 12, making India the third country after US & Russia with such facility.
A scramjet is an air-breathing engine that operates efficiently at hypersonic speeds (Mach 5+), allowing supersonic combustion without moving parts.
Mechanism: This mechanism utilises the vehicle’s high-speed forward motion to compress incoming air for combustion, eliminating the need for on-board oxidisers.
Key Highlights of the Scramjet Engine Ground Test:
Duration and Stability: Achieved stable combustion for 120 seconds, afirst in India.
Flame Stabilization: Implemented an innovative technique to maintain continuous flame at airspeeds exceeding 1.5 km/s.
Indigenous Fuel Development: Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL) developed an endothermic scramjet fuel that enhances cooling and ignition efficiency.
Thermal Barrier Coating (TBC): Developed an advanced ceramic TBC with high thermal resistance, capable of operating beyond the melting point of steel, in partnership with Dept. of Science & Tech (DST).
India’s Progress in Hypersonic Technology:
Hypersonic Technology Demonstrator Vehicle (HSTDV): DRDO successfully flight-tested the HSTDV, demonstrating the performance of a scramjet engine at Mach 6 speeds.
Hypersonic Wind Tunnel Facility: Inaugurated by DRDO in 2020 in Hyderabad, it can simulate speeds from Mach 5 to 12, making India the third country after US & Russia with such facility.
Answer: (b) 2 and 3 only; Difficulty Level: Hard
Newsletter Updates
Subscribe to our newsletter and never miss an important update!