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December 29-30 2024 Current Affairs MCQs
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[Quiz] Daily Prelims Practice Questions (PPQs) – December 29-30 2024
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These MCQs are based on PMF IAS Daily Current Affairs. The daily current affairs are uploaded every day by 8 PM. You can read the Daily Current Affairs from here. Subscribers of the “Current Affairs” course can Download Daily Current Affairs in PDF/DOC from here.
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Question 1 of 8
1. Question
Q1. {Geo – HG} Consider the following statements regarding the findings of the “400 Million Dreams!”, a report recently released by the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister (EAC-PM):
- The report states that domestic migration in India has shown an upward trend between 2011 and 2023.
- It highlights that cities like Mumbai, Bengaluru, Howrah, and Hyderabad attract migrants most.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect
- Key Findings:
- Decline in Domestic Migration: Decreased by 11.78%, from 45.57 crore in 2011 to 40.20 crore in 2023.
- Migration Rate: Reduced from 37.64% in 2011 to 28.88% in 2023, indicating a slowdown.
Statement 2 is correct
- Other findings:
- Rising States: West Bengal, Rajasthan and Karnataka have seen an increase in migrant arrivals.
- Declining States: Maharashtra & AP have experienced a reduction in their share of migrants.
- Top Districts: Mumbai, Bengaluru, Howrah, Central Delhi, and Hyderabad attract migrants most.
- Peak Periods: Migration peaks from April to June, with secondary peaks in November and December, likely due to festivals and family events.
- Pandemic Impact: Post-pandemic migration during peak months (e.g., May 2023) was 6.67% lower than in 2012, indicating a permanent shift in migration trends.
Answer: (b) 2 only; Difficulty Level: Medium
Incorrect
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect
- Key Findings:
- Decline in Domestic Migration: Decreased by 11.78%, from 45.57 crore in 2011 to 40.20 crore in 2023.
- Migration Rate: Reduced from 37.64% in 2011 to 28.88% in 2023, indicating a slowdown.
Statement 2 is correct
- Other findings:
- Rising States: West Bengal, Rajasthan and Karnataka have seen an increase in migrant arrivals.
- Declining States: Maharashtra & AP have experienced a reduction in their share of migrants.
- Top Districts: Mumbai, Bengaluru, Howrah, Central Delhi, and Hyderabad attract migrants most.
- Peak Periods: Migration peaks from April to June, with secondary peaks in November and December, likely due to festivals and family events.
- Pandemic Impact: Post-pandemic migration during peak months (e.g., May 2023) was 6.67% lower than in 2012, indicating a permanent shift in migration trends.
Answer: (b) 2 only; Difficulty Level: Medium
Unattempted
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect
- Key Findings:
- Decline in Domestic Migration: Decreased by 11.78%, from 45.57 crore in 2011 to 40.20 crore in 2023.
- Migration Rate: Reduced from 37.64% in 2011 to 28.88% in 2023, indicating a slowdown.
Statement 2 is correct
- Other findings:
- Rising States: West Bengal, Rajasthan and Karnataka have seen an increase in migrant arrivals.
- Declining States: Maharashtra & AP have experienced a reduction in their share of migrants.
- Top Districts: Mumbai, Bengaluru, Howrah, Central Delhi, and Hyderabad attract migrants most.
- Peak Periods: Migration peaks from April to June, with secondary peaks in November and December, likely due to festivals and family events.
- Pandemic Impact: Post-pandemic migration during peak months (e.g., May 2023) was 6.67% lower than in 2012, indicating a permanent shift in migration trends.
Answer: (b) 2 only; Difficulty Level: Medium
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Question 2 of 8
2. Question
Q2. {MoA – Initiatives} The theme of National Ayurveda Day 2024 is:
Correct
Explanation
Option (c) is correct
- National Ayurveda Day is celebrated on Dhanvantri Jayanti (29 October), which is believed to be the birth anniversary of the god Dhanvantri.
- Dhanvantri is considered the physician of Gods and an incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
- Ministry of AYUSH initiated National Ayurveda Day in 2016 to create more awareness about Ayurveda.
- 2024 Theme: ‘Ayurveda Innovation for Global Health’.
- Focus: women’s health, workplace wellness, school wellness programmes, and food innovation.
- The other options refer to previous themes: ‘Ayurveda for Pain Management’ (2017), ‘Ayurveda for Public Health’ (2018), and ‘Ayurveda for Poshan’ (2021), each focusing on specific aspects of health management, public wellness, and nutrition.
Answer: (c) Ayurveda Innovation for Global Health; Difficulty Level: Easy
Incorrect
Explanation
Option (c) is correct
- National Ayurveda Day is celebrated on Dhanvantri Jayanti (29 October), which is believed to be the birth anniversary of the god Dhanvantri.
- Dhanvantri is considered the physician of Gods and an incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
- Ministry of AYUSH initiated National Ayurveda Day in 2016 to create more awareness about Ayurveda.
- 2024 Theme: ‘Ayurveda Innovation for Global Health’.
- Focus: women’s health, workplace wellness, school wellness programmes, and food innovation.
- The other options refer to previous themes: ‘Ayurveda for Pain Management’ (2017), ‘Ayurveda for Public Health’ (2018), and ‘Ayurveda for Poshan’ (2021), each focusing on specific aspects of health management, public wellness, and nutrition.
Answer: (c) Ayurveda Innovation for Global Health; Difficulty Level: Easy
Unattempted
Explanation
Option (c) is correct
- National Ayurveda Day is celebrated on Dhanvantri Jayanti (29 October), which is believed to be the birth anniversary of the god Dhanvantri.
- Dhanvantri is considered the physician of Gods and an incarnation of Lord Vishnu.
- Ministry of AYUSH initiated National Ayurveda Day in 2016 to create more awareness about Ayurveda.
- 2024 Theme: ‘Ayurveda Innovation for Global Health’.
- Focus: women’s health, workplace wellness, school wellness programmes, and food innovation.
- The other options refer to previous themes: ‘Ayurveda for Pain Management’ (2017), ‘Ayurveda for Public Health’ (2018), and ‘Ayurveda for Poshan’ (2021), each focusing on specific aspects of health management, public wellness, and nutrition.
Answer: (c) Ayurveda Innovation for Global Health; Difficulty Level: Easy
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Question 3 of 8
3. Question
Q3. {S&T – Cybersecurity} With reference to the GPS Spoofing and aviation risks, consider the following statements:
- GPS Spoofing is a disruption in the accuracy of GPS signals used for navigation caused by intentional jamming or environmental factors.
- GPS Interference is a cyberattack that uses false GPS signals to mislead navigation systems.
- Inertial Reference System is a self-contained navigation system that provides position, velocity, and orientation with the help of external signals like GPS.
Which of the statements given above are not correct?
Correct
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect
- GPS Spoofing: A cyberattack that uses false GPS signals to mislead navigation systems.
- It commonly targets drones and disrupts navigation in conflict zones. Attackers mimic legitimate GPS signals, tricking systems into perceiving incorrect locations, speeds, or altitudes.
Statement 2 is incorrect
- GPS Interference: A disruption in the accuracy of GPS signals used for navigation that can be caused by intentional jamming or environmental factors.
Statement 3 is incorrect
- Inertial Reference System (IRS): A self-contained navigation system that provides position, velocity, and orientation without external signals like GPS.
- Key Components: Gyroscopes measure angular velocity for orientation; Accelerometers track linear acceleration to calculate movement.
- Functionality: Integrates data to calculate position relative to a known starting point.
- Significance in Aviation: Acts as a backup system ensuring navigation accuracy and safety during GPS failures or attacks for up to five hours.
Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3; Difficulty Level: Hard
Incorrect
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect
- GPS Spoofing: A cyberattack that uses false GPS signals to mislead navigation systems.
- It commonly targets drones and disrupts navigation in conflict zones. Attackers mimic legitimate GPS signals, tricking systems into perceiving incorrect locations, speeds, or altitudes.
Statement 2 is incorrect
- GPS Interference: A disruption in the accuracy of GPS signals used for navigation that can be caused by intentional jamming or environmental factors.
Statement 3 is incorrect
- Inertial Reference System (IRS): A self-contained navigation system that provides position, velocity, and orientation without external signals like GPS.
- Key Components: Gyroscopes measure angular velocity for orientation; Accelerometers track linear acceleration to calculate movement.
- Functionality: Integrates data to calculate position relative to a known starting point.
- Significance in Aviation: Acts as a backup system ensuring navigation accuracy and safety during GPS failures or attacks for up to five hours.
Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3; Difficulty Level: Hard
Unattempted
Explanation
Statement 1 is incorrect
- GPS Spoofing: A cyberattack that uses false GPS signals to mislead navigation systems.
- It commonly targets drones and disrupts navigation in conflict zones. Attackers mimic legitimate GPS signals, tricking systems into perceiving incorrect locations, speeds, or altitudes.
Statement 2 is incorrect
- GPS Interference: A disruption in the accuracy of GPS signals used for navigation that can be caused by intentional jamming or environmental factors.
Statement 3 is incorrect
- Inertial Reference System (IRS): A self-contained navigation system that provides position, velocity, and orientation without external signals like GPS.
- Key Components: Gyroscopes measure angular velocity for orientation; Accelerometers track linear acceleration to calculate movement.
- Functionality: Integrates data to calculate position relative to a known starting point.
- Significance in Aviation: Acts as a backup system ensuring navigation accuracy and safety during GPS failures or attacks for up to five hours.
Answer: (d) 1, 2 and 3; Difficulty Level: Hard
-
Question 4 of 8
4. Question
Q4. {Prelims – In News} Which of the following authors co-authored the book ‘Freedom at Midnight’ based on which a web series was made recently?
Correct
Explanation
Option (b) is correct
- Recently, a web series was made in India based on the book Freedom at Midnight.
- Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre co-authored the book, which explores the events surrounding India’s independence movement and partition.
- It details the last year of the British Raj, from 1947 to 1948, beginning with the appointment of Lord Mountbatten of Burma as the last viceroy of British India to Mahatma Gandhi’s death and funeral.
- It also includes the reactions of princely states towards independence, including descriptions of the lifestyles of the Indian princes, the partition of British India (into India and Pakistan) on religious grounds, and the bloodshed that followed.
Answer: (b) Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre; Difficulty Level: Medium
Incorrect
Explanation
Option (b) is correct
- Recently, a web series was made in India based on the book Freedom at Midnight.
- Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre co-authored the book, which explores the events surrounding India’s independence movement and partition.
- It details the last year of the British Raj, from 1947 to 1948, beginning with the appointment of Lord Mountbatten of Burma as the last viceroy of British India to Mahatma Gandhi’s death and funeral.
- It also includes the reactions of princely states towards independence, including descriptions of the lifestyles of the Indian princes, the partition of British India (into India and Pakistan) on religious grounds, and the bloodshed that followed.
Answer: (b) Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre; Difficulty Level: Medium
Unattempted
Explanation
Option (b) is correct
- Recently, a web series was made in India based on the book Freedom at Midnight.
- Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre co-authored the book, which explores the events surrounding India’s independence movement and partition.
- It details the last year of the British Raj, from 1947 to 1948, beginning with the appointment of Lord Mountbatten of Burma as the last viceroy of British India to Mahatma Gandhi’s death and funeral.
- It also includes the reactions of princely states towards independence, including descriptions of the lifestyles of the Indian princes, the partition of British India (into India and Pakistan) on religious grounds, and the bloodshed that followed.
Answer: (b) Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre; Difficulty Level: Medium
-
Question 5 of 8
5. Question
Q5. {IR – Issues} Consider the following statements regarding the Panama Canal:
- It is a canal in Isthmus of Panama connecting Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
- It revolutionized shipping with a locks system, operational since 2014, enabling efficient cargo movement.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Explanation
- The Donald Trump has sparked tensions by suggesting US control over Panama Canal, citing rising shipping charges and Chinese influence.
Statement 1 is correct
- Panama Canal:
- Location and Length: 82 km canal in Isthmus of Panama connecting Pacific & Atlantic Oceans.
- Importance for Shipping: Saves 13,000 km of travel by eliminating navigation around Cape Horn.
- Economic Lifeline: Annually transits 14,000 ships, with US ships constituting 74% and China 21%.
- Geopolitical Role: A vital trade route supporting global commerce and US strategic interests.
Statement 2 is incorrect
- It is operational since 1914, enabling efficient cargo movement.
Answer: (a) 1 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
Incorrect
Explanation
- The Donald Trump has sparked tensions by suggesting US control over Panama Canal, citing rising shipping charges and Chinese influence.
Statement 1 is correct
- Panama Canal:
- Location and Length: 82 km canal in Isthmus of Panama connecting Pacific & Atlantic Oceans.
- Importance for Shipping: Saves 13,000 km of travel by eliminating navigation around Cape Horn.
- Economic Lifeline: Annually transits 14,000 ships, with US ships constituting 74% and China 21%.
- Geopolitical Role: A vital trade route supporting global commerce and US strategic interests.
Statement 2 is incorrect
- It is operational since 1914, enabling efficient cargo movement.
Answer: (a) 1 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
Unattempted
Explanation
- The Donald Trump has sparked tensions by suggesting US control over Panama Canal, citing rising shipping charges and Chinese influence.
Statement 1 is correct
- Panama Canal:
- Location and Length: 82 km canal in Isthmus of Panama connecting Pacific & Atlantic Oceans.
- Importance for Shipping: Saves 13,000 km of travel by eliminating navigation around Cape Horn.
- Economic Lifeline: Annually transits 14,000 ships, with US ships constituting 74% and China 21%.
- Geopolitical Role: A vital trade route supporting global commerce and US strategic interests.
Statement 2 is incorrect
- It is operational since 1914, enabling efficient cargo movement.
Answer: (a) 1 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
-
Question 6 of 8
6. Question
Q6. {IE – Development} With reference to Manmohanomics, consider the following statements:
- Former PM Manmohan Singh called for increasing industrial licensing to critical sectors and empowering entrepreneurs with investment decisions.
- He highlighted the need for private ownership in early development due to inadequate infrastructure and skewed wealth distribution.
- He emphasised fostering trust between government and private industry to ensure productive entrepreneurship.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Correct
Explanation
- Former PM Manmohan Singh’s key economic ideas & legacy revisited following his passing.
Statement 3 is correct
- Inequality and Elite-Mass Contradictions:
- Against Inequality: Warned that excessive inequality could destabilise society and distort resource allocation toward luxury goods over basic necessities.
- Avoiding “Soak the Rich” Policies: Opposed populist measures targeting the wealthy; emphasised fostering trust between government and private industry to ensure productive entrepreneurship.
Statements 1 and 2 are incorrect
- Economic Planning vs Market Forces:
- Balanced View on Planning: Advocated planning with caution; emphasised institutional efficiency and honest public administration.
- Advocated Public Ownership: Highlighted the need for public ownership in early development due to inadequate infrastructure and skewed wealth distribution.
- Critique of Licence-Permit Raj:
- Advocated Industrial Licensing: Called for reducing industrial licensing to critical sectors and empowering entrepreneurs with investment decisions.
Answer: (c) 3 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
Incorrect
Explanation
- Former PM Manmohan Singh’s key economic ideas & legacy revisited following his passing.
Statement 3 is correct
- Inequality and Elite-Mass Contradictions:
- Against Inequality: Warned that excessive inequality could destabilise society and distort resource allocation toward luxury goods over basic necessities.
- Avoiding “Soak the Rich” Policies: Opposed populist measures targeting the wealthy; emphasised fostering trust between government and private industry to ensure productive entrepreneurship.
Statements 1 and 2 are incorrect
- Economic Planning vs Market Forces:
- Balanced View on Planning: Advocated planning with caution; emphasised institutional efficiency and honest public administration.
- Advocated Public Ownership: Highlighted the need for public ownership in early development due to inadequate infrastructure and skewed wealth distribution.
- Critique of Licence-Permit Raj:
- Advocated Industrial Licensing: Called for reducing industrial licensing to critical sectors and empowering entrepreneurs with investment decisions.
Answer: (c) 3 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
Unattempted
Explanation
- Former PM Manmohan Singh’s key economic ideas & legacy revisited following his passing.
Statement 3 is correct
- Inequality and Elite-Mass Contradictions:
- Against Inequality: Warned that excessive inequality could destabilise society and distort resource allocation toward luxury goods over basic necessities.
- Avoiding “Soak the Rich” Policies: Opposed populist measures targeting the wealthy; emphasised fostering trust between government and private industry to ensure productive entrepreneurship.
Statements 1 and 2 are incorrect
- Economic Planning vs Market Forces:
- Balanced View on Planning: Advocated planning with caution; emphasised institutional efficiency and honest public administration.
- Advocated Public Ownership: Highlighted the need for public ownership in early development due to inadequate infrastructure and skewed wealth distribution.
- Critique of Licence-Permit Raj:
- Advocated Industrial Licensing: Called for reducing industrial licensing to critical sectors and empowering entrepreneurs with investment decisions.
Answer: (c) 3 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
-
Question 7 of 8
7. Question
Q7. {Prelims – In News} The National flag will be flown at half-mast throughout India in the event of the death of which of the following dignitaries?
- President
- Vice-President
- Prime Minister
- Union Cabinet Minister
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
Correct
Explanation
Options 1, 2 and 3 are correct, and Option 4 is incorrect
- Half-Masting of National Flag:
Dignitary Places Union dignitaries
President, Vice-President, Prime Minister Throughout India Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India Delhi Union Cabinet Minister Delhi and State Capital Minister of State or Dy. Minister of the Union Delhi State dignitaries
Governor, Lt. Governor, CM of state & Union Territory, Chief Executive Councillor, Delhi. Throughout the State or Union territory concerned Cabinet Minister in a State Capital of the State concerned Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
Incorrect
Explanation
Options 1, 2 and 3 are correct, and Option 4 is incorrect
- Half-Masting of National Flag:
Dignitary Places Union dignitaries
President, Vice-President, Prime Minister Throughout India Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India Delhi Union Cabinet Minister Delhi and State Capital Minister of State or Dy. Minister of the Union Delhi State dignitaries
Governor, Lt. Governor, CM of state & Union Territory, Chief Executive Councillor, Delhi. Throughout the State or Union territory concerned Cabinet Minister in a State Capital of the State concerned Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
Unattempted
Explanation
Options 1, 2 and 3 are correct, and Option 4 is incorrect
- Half-Masting of National Flag:
Dignitary Places Union dignitaries
President, Vice-President, Prime Minister Throughout India Speaker of the Lok Sabha, Chief Justice of India Delhi Union Cabinet Minister Delhi and State Capital Minister of State or Dy. Minister of the Union Delhi State dignitaries
Governor, Lt. Governor, CM of state & Union Territory, Chief Executive Councillor, Delhi. Throughout the State or Union territory concerned Cabinet Minister in a State Capital of the State concerned Answer: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only; Difficulty Level: Easy
-
Question 8 of 8
8. Question
Q8. {S&T – Defence} Consider the following fighter jets:
- MiG-23
- F-22
- HAL Tejas
- Sukhoi Su-57
How many of the above are examples of fifth-generation fighter jets?
Correct
Explanation
Only 2 options are correct
- F-22 and Sukhoi Su-57 are examples of fifth-generation fighter jets.
- MiG-23 is third-generation and HAL Tejas is fourth-generation.
- There are currently five generations of fighter jets that are (or were in the past) in active service, with sixth-generation jets currently in development.
Generation Time Period Key Features Examples First Generation 1943 – 1955 Subsonic speeds, basic avionics, machine guns/cannons, unguided bombs/rockets, interceptors, day operations only, close visual range, aerodynamically inefficient Messerschmitt Me 262 (considered to be the world’s first jet fighter), MiG-15, Hawker Hunter Second Generation 1955 – 1970 Supersonic speeds, afterburners, swept wings, fire control radars, semi-active guided missiles, radar warning receivers MiG-21F, Sukhoi SU-9, Sukhoi SU-7B (fighter-bombers) Third Generation 1960 – 1970 Integrated design, multi-role capabilities, beyond visual range combat, better turbofans, vectored thrust, Improved avionics included pulse-doppler radar, off-sight targeting and terrain-warning systems. McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom, MiG-23, Hawker Siddeley Harrier Fourth Generation 1970 – 2000s Multi-role aircraft, fly-by-wire systems, heads-up displays, and stealth principles debut with this generation. F-14, F-16 , Sukhoi Su-30, MiG-29, HAL Tejas, Dassault Rafale Fifth Generation 2000 onwards Stealth, advanced avionics, network capabilities, automated functions, high costs. F-22, F-35, Sukhoi Su-57. Answer: (b) Only two; Difficulty Level: Medium
Incorrect
Explanation
Only 2 options are correct
- F-22 and Sukhoi Su-57 are examples of fifth-generation fighter jets.
- MiG-23 is third-generation and HAL Tejas is fourth-generation.
- There are currently five generations of fighter jets that are (or were in the past) in active service, with sixth-generation jets currently in development.
Generation Time Period Key Features Examples First Generation 1943 – 1955 Subsonic speeds, basic avionics, machine guns/cannons, unguided bombs/rockets, interceptors, day operations only, close visual range, aerodynamically inefficient Messerschmitt Me 262 (considered to be the world’s first jet fighter), MiG-15, Hawker Hunter Second Generation 1955 – 1970 Supersonic speeds, afterburners, swept wings, fire control radars, semi-active guided missiles, radar warning receivers MiG-21F, Sukhoi SU-9, Sukhoi SU-7B (fighter-bombers) Third Generation 1960 – 1970 Integrated design, multi-role capabilities, beyond visual range combat, better turbofans, vectored thrust, Improved avionics included pulse-doppler radar, off-sight targeting and terrain-warning systems. McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom, MiG-23, Hawker Siddeley Harrier Fourth Generation 1970 – 2000s Multi-role aircraft, fly-by-wire systems, heads-up displays, and stealth principles debut with this generation. F-14, F-16 , Sukhoi Su-30, MiG-29, HAL Tejas, Dassault Rafale Fifth Generation 2000 onwards Stealth, advanced avionics, network capabilities, automated functions, high costs. F-22, F-35, Sukhoi Su-57. Answer: (b) Only two; Difficulty Level: Medium
Unattempted
Explanation
Only 2 options are correct
- F-22 and Sukhoi Su-57 are examples of fifth-generation fighter jets.
- MiG-23 is third-generation and HAL Tejas is fourth-generation.
- There are currently five generations of fighter jets that are (or were in the past) in active service, with sixth-generation jets currently in development.
Generation Time Period Key Features Examples First Generation 1943 – 1955 Subsonic speeds, basic avionics, machine guns/cannons, unguided bombs/rockets, interceptors, day operations only, close visual range, aerodynamically inefficient Messerschmitt Me 262 (considered to be the world’s first jet fighter), MiG-15, Hawker Hunter Second Generation 1955 – 1970 Supersonic speeds, afterburners, swept wings, fire control radars, semi-active guided missiles, radar warning receivers MiG-21F, Sukhoi SU-9, Sukhoi SU-7B (fighter-bombers) Third Generation 1960 – 1970 Integrated design, multi-role capabilities, beyond visual range combat, better turbofans, vectored thrust, Improved avionics included pulse-doppler radar, off-sight targeting and terrain-warning systems. McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom, MiG-23, Hawker Siddeley Harrier Fourth Generation 1970 – 2000s Multi-role aircraft, fly-by-wire systems, heads-up displays, and stealth principles debut with this generation. F-14, F-16 , Sukhoi Su-30, MiG-29, HAL Tejas, Dassault Rafale Fifth Generation 2000 onwards Stealth, advanced avionics, network capabilities, automated functions, high costs. F-22, F-35, Sukhoi Su-57. Answer: (b) Only two; Difficulty Level: Medium
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3 of 8 questions answered correctly
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